{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T12:01:24Z","timestamp":1782216084516,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Verona"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to identify possible early biomarkers of mortality among clinical and biochemical parameters, iron metabolism parameters, and cytokines detected within 24 h from admission in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. We enrolled 80 hospitalized patients (40 survivors and 40 non-survivors) with COVID-19 pneumonia and acute respiratory failure. The median time from the onset of COVID-19 symptoms to hospital admission was lower in non-survivors than survivors (p &lt; 0.05). Respiratory failure, expressed as the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to the fraction of inspired oxygen (P\/F), was more severe in non-survivors than survivors (p &lt; 0.0001). Comorbidities were similar in both groups. Among biochemical parameters and cytokines, eGFR and interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2 were found to be significantly lower (p &lt; 0.05), while LDH, IL-10, and IL-8 were significantly higher in non-survivors than in survivors (p &lt; 0.0005, p &lt; 0.05 and p &lt; 0.005, respectively). Among other parameters, LDH values distribution showed the most significant difference between study groups (p &lt; 0.0001). LASSO feature selection combined with Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression models was applied to identify features distinguishing between survivors and non-survivors. Both approaches highlighted LDH as the strongest predictor, with IL-22 and creatinine emerging in the Cox model, while IL-10, eGFR, and creatinine were influential in the logistic model (AUC = 0.744 for Cox, 0.723 for logistic regression). In a similar manner, we applied linear regression for predicting LDH levels, identifying the P\/F ratio as the top predictor, followed by IL-10 and eGFR (NRMSE = 0.128). Collectively, these findings underscore LDH\u2019s critical role in mortality prediction, with P\/F and IL-10 as key determinants of LDH increases in this Italian COVID-19 cohort.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17030359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T07:37:17Z","timestamp":1740987437000},"page":"359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Identification of Early Biomarkers of Mortality in COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients: A LASSO-Based Cox and Logistic Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7661-7785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Fratta Pasini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine D, University of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Stranieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine D, University of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2742-1358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edoardo Giuseppe","family":"Di Leo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine D, University of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Bertolone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine D, University of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4107-6680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino","family":"Aparo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Laboratory of Medical Research, Research Center LURM, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiana","family":"Busti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine D, University of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4650-0823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Castagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine B, University of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2428-4760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Vianello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine D, University of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5770-8160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Chesini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine D, University of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9606-6711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simonetta","family":"Friso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine B, University of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9684-1899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Girelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine D, University of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Cominacini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine D, University of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023). Weekly Epidemiological Update on COVID-19\u20131 September 2023, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borges do Nascimento, I.J., Cacic, N., Abdulazeem, H.M., Von Groote, T.C., Jayarajah, U., Weerasekara, I., Esfahani, M.A., Civile, V.T., Marusic, A., and Jeroncic, A. (2020). Novel Coronavirus Infection (COVID-19) in Humans: A Scoping Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. 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