{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T03:30:28Z","timestamp":1789097428338,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":216,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute HIV-1 infection (AHI) is a transient period where the virus causes evident damage to the immune system, including an extensive apoptosis of CD4+ T cells associated with a high level of activation and a major cytokine storm to fight the invading virus. HIV infection establishes persistence by integrating the viral genome into host cell DNA in both replicating and non-replicating forms, effectively hiding from immune surveillance within infected lymphocytes as cellular reservoirs. The measurement of total HIV-1 DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is a reliable reflection of this reservoir. Initiating treatments during AHI with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and\/or integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) is essential to alter the dynamics of the global reservoir expansion, and to reduce the establishment of long-lived cellular and tissue reservoirs, while preserving and enhancing specific and non-specific immune responses. Furthermore, some of the patients treated at the AHI stage may become post-treatment controllers and should be informative regarding the mechanism of viral control, so patients treated during AHI are undoubtedly the best candidates to test innovative remission strategies toward a functional cure that could play a pivotal role in long-term HIV control. AHI is characterized by high levels of viral replication, with a significant increase in the risk of HIV transmission. Detecting AHI and initiating early treatment following diagnosis provides a window of opportunity to control the epidemic, particularly in high-risk populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17030366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T10:15:03Z","timestamp":1740996903000},"page":"366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Acute HIV-1 Infection: Paradigm and Singularity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Antoine","family":"Ch\u00e9ret","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Institut Cochin, Universit\u00e9 Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France"},{"name":"Service Plateforme de Diagnostic et Th\u00e9rapeutique Pluridisciplinaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 97159 Pointe \u00e0 Pitre, Guadeloupe, France"},{"name":"INSERM-CIC-1424, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 97159 Pointe \u00e0 Pitre, Guadeloupe, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS) (2025, March 02). 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