{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T06:29:33Z","timestamp":1773556173237,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The human papillomavirus (HPV) is an oncogenic DNA virus that is the most commonly transmitted sexually transmitted virus. There is substantial evidence that HPV is associated with different types of cancer. While the majority of studies have concentrated on urogenital system cancers and head and neck cancers, the relationship between HPV and gastrointestinal system cancers, particularly esophageal cancers, has also been the subject of investigation. Given that HPV is a disease that can be prevented through vaccination and treated with antiviral agents, identifying the types of cancers associated with the pathogen may inform the treatment of these cancers. This comprehensive review examines the relationship between HPV and cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, highlighting the oncogenic mechanisms of the virus and its reported prevalence. A deeper understanding of HPV\u2019s association with cancer is relevant to the further development of cancer therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17030367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T03:26:21Z","timestamp":1741058781000},"page":"367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Relationship Between Human Papilloma Virus and Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"\u00d6mer Vefik","family":"\u00d6zozan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00d6mer \u00d6zozan Private Clinic, Kad\u0131k\u00f6y, 34744 \u0130stanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9146-3742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hikmet","family":"Pehlevan-\u00d6zel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, 06800 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veli","family":"Vural","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Akdeniz University, 07070 Antalya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3772-7468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tolga","family":"Din\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, 06800 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamashina, T., Shimatani, M., Takeo, M., Sasaki, K., Orino, M., Saito, N., Matsumoto, H., Kasai, T., Kano, M., and Horitani, S. (2022). Viral Infection in Esophageal, Gastric, and Colorectal Cancer. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10091626"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hewavisenti, R.V., Arena, J., Ahlenstiel, C.L., and Sasson, S.C. (2023). Human Papillomavirus in the Setting of Immunodeficiency: Pathogenesis and the Emergence of Next-Generation Therapies to Reduce the High Associated Cancer Risk. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1112513"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0370","article-title":"Biological and Clinical Aspects of HPV-Related Cancers","volume":"17","author":"Szymonowicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-57362-1_1","article-title":"An Introduction to Virus Infections and Human Cancer","volume":"217","author":"Schiller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Recent. Results Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7105","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S115053","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus as a Potential Risk Factor for Gastric Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of 1917 Cases","volume":"9","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2021.02.006","article-title":"Biology of HPV Mediated Carcinogenesis and Tumor Progression","volume":"31","author":"Cosper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieira, G.V., Somera dos Santos, F., Lepique, A.P., da Fonseca, C.K., Innocentini, L.M., Braz-Silva, P.H., Quintana, S.M., and Sales, K.U. (2022). Proteases and HPV-Induced Carcinogenesis. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14133038"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kajitani, N., Satsuka, A., Kawate, A., and Sakai, H. (2012). Productive Lifecycle of Human Papillomaviruses that Depends Upon Squamous Epithelial Differentiation. Front. Microbiol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00152"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porter, V.L., and Marra, M.A. (2022). The Drivers, Mechanisms, and Consequences of Genome Instability in HPV-Driven Cancers. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14194623"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"65","article-title":"Human Papilloma Virus: A Review Study of Epidemiology, Carcinogenesis, Diagnostic Methods, and Treatment of All HPV-Related Cancers","volume":"35","author":"Soheili","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. J. Islam. Repub. Iran"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05028-11","article-title":"Epithelial Cell Responses to Infection with Human Papillomavirus","volume":"25","author":"Stanley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16086","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.86","article-title":"Carcinogenic Human Papillomavirus Infection","volume":"2","author":"Schiffman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"doz008","DOI":"10.1093\/dote\/doz008","article-title":"Transforming human papillomavirus infection and the esophageal transformation zone: Prime time for total excision\/ablative therapy?","volume":"32","author":"Rajendra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dis. Esophagus"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McBride, A.A., and Warburton, A. (2017). The Role of Integration in Oncogenic Progression of HPV-Associated Cancers. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006211"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17973","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-023-05494-4","article-title":"Characteristics of HPV Integration in Cervical Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Carcinoma","volume":"149","author":"Bi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pe\u0161ut, E., \u0110uki\u0107, A., Luli\u0107, L., Skelin, J., \u0160imi\u0107, I., Milutin Ga\u0161perov, N., Tomai\u0107, V., Sabol, I., and Grce, M. (2021). Human Papillomaviruses-Associated Cancers: An Update of Current Knowledge. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112234"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, I., Harshithkumar, R., More, A., and Mukherjee, A. (2023). Human Papilloma Virus: An Unraveled Enigma of Universal Burden of Malignancies. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12040564"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2022.103675","article-title":"Mechanistic role of HPV-associated early proteins in cervical cancer: Molecular pathways and targeted therapeutic strategies","volume":"174","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol.\/Hematol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-22-3030","article-title":"Extrachromosomal Amplification of Human Papillomavirus Episomes Is a Mechanism of Cervical Carcinogenesis","volume":"83","author":"Rossi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31719-0","article-title":"Proteomic Analysis Reveals Key Differences Between Squamous Cell Carcinomas and Adenocarcinomas Across Multiple Tissues","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-2021-003014","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus-Independent Cervical Cancer","volume":"32","author":"Fernandes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-9-262","article-title":"A Review of Methods for Detecting Human Papillomavirus Infection","volume":"9","author":"Abreu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, J., Kostiuk, M., and Biron, V.L. (2022). Molecular Detection Methods in HPV-Related Cancers. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.864820"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryan, S.J., Lee, J., Gunu, R., Jones, A., Olaitan, A., Rosenthal, A.N., Cutts, R.J., Garcia-Murillas, I., Turner, N., and Lalondrelle, S. (2023). Circulating HPV DNA as a Biomarker for Pre-Invasive and Early Invasive Cervical Cancer: A Feasibility Study. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15092590"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1086\/657321","article-title":"Cervical Human Papillomavirus Prevalence in Five Continents: Meta-Analysis of 1 Million Women with Normal Cytological Findings","volume":"202","author":"Bruni","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.26687","article-title":"Epidemiology and Incidence of HPV-Related Cancers of the Head and Neck","volume":"124","author":"Roman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen, J.E., Becker, G.L., Jackson, J.B., and Rysavy, M.B. (2024). Human Papillomavirus and Associated Cancers: A Review. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16050680"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30608","article-title":"Geographic Heterogeneity in the Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Cancer","volume":"140","author":"Anantharaman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4103\/ijph.ijph_827_23","article-title":"The Human Papillomavirus Enigma: A Narrative Review of Global Variations in Oropharyngeal Cancer Epidemiology and Prognosis","volume":"68","author":"Singhavi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2010.01.016","article-title":"Beyond Cervical Cancer: Burden of Other HPV-Related Cancers Among Men and Women","volume":"46","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deniz, Z., Uraz, S., Holem, R., Ozaras, R., and Tahan, V. (2022). Human Papillomavirus Infection and Oropharyngeal and Gastrointestinal Cancers: A Causal Relationship?. Diseases, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases10040094"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2022.10.007","article-title":"Global Burden and Temporal Trends in Incidence and Mortality of Oesophageal Cancer","volume":"50","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajendra, K., and Sharma, P. (2022). Viral Pathogens in Oesophageal and Gastric Cancer. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11040476"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Su, R., Ahsan, A., Liu, C., Liao, X., Tian, D., and Su, M. (2022). Esophageal Squamous Cancer from 4NQO-Induced Mice Model: CNV Alterations. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214304"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295401","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2023.2295401","article-title":"Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiota with Oral Origin in Relation to Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"55","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.55.10.721","article-title":"HPV Infections and Oesophageal Cancer","volume":"55","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-021-03738-9","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Types 16 and 18 Infection and Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"147","author":"Petrelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/ajco.12135","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus Promotes Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Regulating DNA Methylation and Expression of HLA-DQB1","volume":"10","author":"Feng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"13687","article-title":"HPV-16 E6 Promotes Cell Growth of Esophageal Cancer via Downregulation of miR-125b and Activation of Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling Pathway","volume":"8","author":"Zang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28797","article-title":"High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection Associated with Telomere Elongation in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Poor Prognosis","volume":"120","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2021.03.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of Barrett\u2019s Esophagus and Esophageal Carcinoma","volume":"101","author":"Fabian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.13298","article-title":"Barrett Esophagus: A Review","volume":"328","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/dote\/dox088","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus Does Not Play a Role in the Barrett Esophagus: A French Cohort","volume":"30","author":"Brochard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis. Esophagus"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14509","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus Infection in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma: A Concise Review","volume":"1482","author":"Rajendra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2007). Human Papillomaviruses. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum., 90, 1\u2013636."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00201","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000201","article-title":"Associations Between Gastric Cancer Risk and Virus Infection Other Than Epstein-Barr Virus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Based on Epidemiological Studies","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v10.i5.209","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus Infection and Gastric Cancer Risk: A Meta-epidemiological Review","volume":"10","author":"Bae","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5901","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i46.5901","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus DNA and P16(INK4A) Expression in Concurrent Esophageal and Gastric Cardia Cancers","volume":"16","author":"Ding","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Analysis of Relationship of the Infection of Human Papillomavirus 16, H. pylori cagA Gene, and ureA Gene in Gastric Carcinogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pract. Med. Tech."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baj, J., Forma, A., Dudek, I., Chilimoniuk, Z., Dobosz, M., Dobrzy\u0144ski, M., Teresi\u0144ski, G., Buszewicz, G., Flieger, J., and Portincasa, P. (2022). The Involvement of Human Papilloma Virus in Gastrointestinal Cancers. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14112607"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacLennan, S.A., and Marra, M.A. (2023). Oncogenic Viruses and the Epigenome: How Viruses Hijack Epigenetic Mechanisms to Drive Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119543"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mousavi, S.E., Ilaghi, M., Mahdavizadeh, V., Ebrahimi, R., Aslani, A., Yekta, Z., and Nejadghaderi, S.A. (2024). A Population-Based Study on Incidence Trends of Small Intestine Cancer in the United States from 2000 to 2020. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0307019"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-018-6567-6","article-title":"Outcomes and Treatment Options for Duodenal Adenocarcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"25","author":"Meijer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aparicio, T., Pachev, A., Laurent-Puig, P., and Svrcek, M. (2022). Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Diagnosis of Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14092268"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28526","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000028526","article-title":"Metastases to Duodenum in Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"101","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"e69826","article-title":"Duodenal Squamous Cell Carcinoma from Metastatic Spread of Head and Neck Cancer: A Case Report","volume":"16","author":"Troia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp2108502","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus Vaccination","volume":"388","author":"Markowitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karao\u011flan, B.B., and \u00dcr\u00fcn, Y. (2024). Unveiling the Role of Human Papillomavirus in Urogenital Carcinogenesis: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16050667"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garbuglia, A.R., Lapa, D., Sias, C., Capobianchi, M.R., and Del Porto, P. (2020). The Use of Both Therapeutic and Prophylactic Vaccines in the Therapy of Papillomavirus Disease. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00188"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosalik, K., Tarney, C., and Han, J. (2021). Human Papilloma Virus Vaccination. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061091"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"300","article-title":"Use of 9-Valent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine: Updated HPV Vaccination Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices","volume":"64","author":"Petrosky","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61248-4","article-title":"Efficacy of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-16\/18 AS04-Adjuvanted Vaccine Against Cervical Infection and Precancer Caused by Oncogenic HPV Types (PATRICIA): Final Analysis of a Double-Blind, Randomized Study in Young Women","volume":"374","author":"Paavonen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Zhai, L., Zhu, Y., Lou, F., Liu, S., Li, K., Chen, L., and Wang, H. (2024). Effects of Radiation Treatment on HPV-Related Vulvar Cancer: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Front. Oncol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1400047"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Z., Haghollahi, S., and Afzal, M. (2024). Potential Therapeutic Targets for the Treatment of HPV-Associated Malignancies. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16203474"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-17-0102","article-title":"Customized Viral Immunotherapy for HPV-Associated Cancer","volume":"5","author":"Atherton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kagabu, M., Yoshino, N., Murakami, K., Kawamura, H., Sasaki, Y., Muraki, Y., and Baba, T. (2023). Treatment of HPV-Related Uterine Cervical Cancer with a Third-Generation Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus in Combination with an Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24031988"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Huang, H., Yu, C., Li, X., Wang, Y., and Xie, L. (2024). Current Status and Future Directions for the Development of Human Papillomavirus Vaccines. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1362770"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12629","article-title":"Advances in Cervical Cancer: Current Insights and Future Directions","volume":"45","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Commun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Branda, F., Pavia, G., Ciccozzi, A., Quirino, A., Marascio, N., Gigliotti, S., Matera, G., Romano, C., Locci, C., and Azzena, I. (2024). Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions in Global Immunization Strategies. Vaccines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12111293"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/3\/367\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:46:34Z","timestamp":1760028394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/3\/367"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["v17030367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17030367","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]}}}