{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:08:08Z","timestamp":1787702888045,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":227,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyomaviruses (PyVs) are non-enveloped double-stranded DNA viruses that can cause significant morbidity in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT) recipients, particularly BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) and JC polyomavirus (JCPyV). BKPyV is primarily associated with hemorrhagic cystitis (HC), while JCPyV causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). The pathogenesis of these diseases involves viral reactivation under immunosuppressive conditions, leading to replication in tissues such as the kidney, bladder, and central nervous system. BKPyV-HC presents as hematuria and urinary symptoms, graded by severity. PML, though rare after allo-HSCT, manifests as neurological deficits due to JCPyV replication in glial cells. Diagnosis relies on nucleic acid amplification testing for DNAuria or DNAemia as well as clinical criteria. Management primarily involves supportive care, as no antiviral treatments have proven consistently effective for either virus and need further research. This review highlights the virology, clinical presentations, and management challenges of PyV-associated diseases post-allo-HSCT, emphasizing the need for improved diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches to mitigate morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17030403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T07:31:42Z","timestamp":1741764702000},"page":"403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Polyomaviruses After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Maria Alejandra","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Imlay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)91776-4","article-title":"New human papovavirus (B.K.) isolated from urine after renal transplantation","volume":"1","author":"Gardner","year":"1971","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)91777-6","article-title":"Cultivation of papova-like virus from human brain with progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy","volume":"1","author":"Padgett","year":"1971","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.12.015","article-title":"Human polyomaviruses in disease and cancer","volume":"437","author":"Dalianis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2019.06.009","article-title":"The case for BK polyomavirus as a cause of bladder cancer","volume":"39","author":"Starrett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82690","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.82690","article-title":"Evidence for virus-mediated oncogenesis in bladder cancers arising in solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"12","author":"Starrett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-02643-8","article-title":"Clinical and molecular analysis of JCPyV and BKPyV infection and associated risk of urothelial carcinoma development in the upper tract","volume":"22","author":"Chao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.0092","article-title":"The human polyomaviruses, BKV and JCV: Molecular pathogenesis of acute disease and potential role in cancer","volume":"267","author":"Imperiale","year":"2000","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1998.tb04274.x","article-title":"Merkel cell carcinoma in a stem cell transplant patient","volume":"24","author":"Miller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahye, N., Bellizzi, A., May, D., and Wollebo, H.S. (2020). The Role of the JC Virus in Central Nervous System Tumorigenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176236"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e558s","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2018\/e558s","article-title":"Human polyomaviruses and cancer: An overview","volume":"73","author":"Prado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, H.C., Xue, H., and Zhang, C.Y. (2022). The oncogenic roles of JC polyomavirus in cancer. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.976577"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2013). Malaria and Some Polyomaviruses (SV40, BK, JC, and Merkel Cell Viruses), International Agency for Research on Cancer."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atkinson, A.L., and Atwood, W.J. (2020). Fifty Years of JC Polyomavirus: A Brief Overview and Remaining Questions. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12090969"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20566","article-title":"Unique BK virus non-coding control region (NCCR) variants in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with and without hemorrhagic cystitis","volume":"78","author":"Carr","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(00)00171-2","article-title":"Overrepresentation of point mutations in the Sp1 site of the non-coding control region of BK virus in bone marrow transplanted patients with haemorrhagic cystitis","volume":"21","author":"Priftakis","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac450","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of BK Polyomavirus Replication in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Patients","volume":"227","author":"Leuzinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2220","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2220","article-title":"Antivirals against human polyomaviruses: Leaving no stone unturned","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac071","article-title":"Consensus Definitions of BK Polyomavirus Nephropathy in Renal Transplant Recipients for Clinical Trials","volume":"75","author":"Imlay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2016.265512","article-title":"Quantification of BK Virus Standards by Quantitative Real-Time PCR and Droplet Digital PCR Is Confounded by Multiple Virus Populations in the WHO BKV International Standard","volume":"63","author":"Bateman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00258-08","article-title":"Marked variability of BK virus load measurement using quantitative real-time PCR among commonly used assays","volume":"46","author":"Hoffman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2019.104210","article-title":"Quantification of plasma BK polyomavirus loads is affected by sequence variability, amplicon length, and non-encapsidated viral DNA genome fragments","volume":"121","author":"Leuzinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2025.115113","article-title":"Development of a urinary antigen test for BK Polyomavirus to help clinicians in patients\u2019 follow-up","volume":"333","author":"Brochot","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngouth, N., Monaco, M.C., Walker, L., Corey, S., Ikpeama, I., Fahle, G., Cortese, I., Das, S., and Jacobson, S. (2022). Comparison of qPCR with ddPCR for the Quantification of JC Polyomavirus in CSF from Patients with Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14061246"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirsch, H.H., and Pergam, S.A. (2015). Human Adenovirus, Polyomavirus, and Parvovirus Infections in Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Thomas\u2019 Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Stem Cell Transplantation, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118416426.ch93"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/158.3.563","article-title":"BK and JC virus infections in recipients of bone marrow transplants","volume":"158","author":"Arthur","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1995.13.5.1103","article-title":"Association of BK virus with failure of prophylaxis against hemorrhagic cystitis following bone marrow transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Bedi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V98.6.1971","article-title":"Quantification of polyoma BK viruria in hemorrhagic cystitis complicating bone marrow transplantation","volume":"98","author":"Leung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V104.11.3160.3160","article-title":"BK Viruria in Patients Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Increased Incidence in Patients Receiving Alemtuzumab (ALEM) as Conditioning Therapy and Lack of Efficacy of Cidofovir","volume":"104","author":"Comeau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198607243150405","article-title":"Association of BK viruria with hemorrhagic cystitis in recipients of bone marrow transplants","volume":"315","author":"Arthur","year":"1986","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2009.12.009","article-title":"Late-onset hemorrhagic cystitis in children after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for thalassemia and sickle cell anemia: A prospective evaluation of polyoma (BK) virus infection and treatment with cidofovir","volume":"16","author":"Gaziev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2005.06.007","article-title":"Incidence, clinical outcome, and management of virus-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in children and adolescents after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation","volume":"11","author":"Gorczynska","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1086\/426140","article-title":"BK virus infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: Frequency, risk factors, and association with postengraftment hemorrhagic cystitis","volume":"39","author":"Erard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix804","article-title":"Kinetics of Double-Stranded DNA Viremia After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation","volume":"66","author":"Hill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zanella, M.C., Vu, D.L., Hosszu-Fellous, K., Neofytos, D., Van Delden, C., Turin, L., Poncet, A., Simonetta, F., Masouridi-Levrat, S., and Chalandon, Y. (2023). Longitudinal Detection of Twenty DNA and RNA Viruses in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients Plasma. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040928"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3500","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-199776","article-title":"BK Virus Reactivation and Disease after Allogeneic Hematopoietic-Cell Transplantation: A Natural History Study","volume":"144","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-10-748426","article-title":"The cumulative burden of double-stranded DNA virus detection after allogeneic HCT is associated with increased mortality","volume":"129","author":"Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"12","article-title":"ECIL guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of BK polyomavirus-associated haemorrhagic cystitis in haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients","volume":"73","author":"Cesaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V112.11.2195.2195","article-title":"Hemorrhagic Cystitis and BK Virus Infection in Children after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation","volume":"112","author":"Gruhn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piae093.057","article-title":"BK virus associated hemorrhagic cystitis in pediatric patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Lagala","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019000802","article-title":"Presentation of BK polyomavirus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation","volume":"4","author":"Imlay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-018-3810-1","article-title":"Co-infection with human polyomavirus BK enhances gene expression and replication of human adenovirus","volume":"163","author":"Wozniak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2019.01.019","article-title":"BK Virus Associated Haemorrhagic Cystitis. A systematic review of current prevention and treatment strategies","volume":"63","author":"Aldiwani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-208193","article-title":"Characteristics and Risk Factors for BK Virus-Associated Cystitis after Post-Transplant Cyclophosphamide (PTCy) -Based Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplants (HCT)","volume":"144","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw172.22","article-title":"BK Virus Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patients at Texas Children\u2019s Hospital","volume":"3","author":"Ruderfer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2013.235","article-title":"High burden of BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"49","author":"Gilis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, H., Chen, G., Xu, J., Yang, R., Muhashi, M., Aizezi, G., and Jiang, M. (2022). Incidence of late-onset hemorrhagic cystitis and its effect on PFS in acute leukemia patients after haplo-PBSCT: The 5-year single-center data. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.913802"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-024-05707-x","article-title":"Impact of BK polyomavirus viremia on the outcomes of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"103","author":"Umezawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2011.02.012","article-title":"Blood, and not urine, BK viral load predicts renal outcome in children with hemorrhagic cystitis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"17","author":"Haines","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-03-564997","article-title":"Diagnostic and risk criteria for HSCT-associated thrombotic microangiopathy: A study in children and young adults","volume":"124","author":"Jodele","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.15365","article-title":"Analysis of early clinical signs and risk factors for severe hemorrhagic cystitis after stem cell transplantation in children","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.06.009","article-title":"Infectious Disease Working party of E. BK virus infection in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: An update on pathogenesis, immune responses, diagnosis and treatments","volume":"81","author":"Saade","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15121","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.15121","article-title":"Risk factors for BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2013.05.002","article-title":"BK viremia precedes hemorrhagic cystitis in children undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"19","author":"Laskin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dybko, J., Piekarska, A., Agrawal, S., Makuch, S., Urbaniak-Kujda, D., Biernat, M., Rybka, B., Dutka, M., Sadowska-Klasa, A., and Giebel, S. (2022). BKV Related Hemorrhagic Cystitis-An Insight into Risk Factors and Later Complications-An Analysis on Behalf of Polish Adult Leukemia Group. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14030764"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1194","article-title":"The Natural History of BK Polyomavirus and the Host Immune Response After Stem Cell Transplantation","volume":"71","author":"Laskin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2018.03.021","article-title":"BK Viremia as a Predictor of Hemorrhagic Cystitis in Adults During the First 100 Days After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation","volume":"50","author":"Kesherwani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eucr.2022.102263","article-title":"A rare case of BK virus non-hemorrhagic cystitis following lung transplant","volume":"45","author":"David","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"102","article-title":"Symptomatic BK virus cystitis in non-renal transplant recipients","volume":"4","author":"Almarhabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Med. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. Can."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4103\/jgid.jgid_139_21","article-title":"BK Polyomavirus Hemorrhagic Cystitis in Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients","volume":"14","author":"Lionel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Glob. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200501800424","article-title":"Interstitial cystitis and infectious agents","volume":"18","author":"Fioriti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winter, B.J., O\u2019Connell, H.E., Bowden, S., Carey, M., and Eisen, D.P. (2015). A Case Control Study Reveals that Polyomaviruria Is Significantly Associated with Interstitial Cystitis and Vesical Ulceration. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137310"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2014.06.004","article-title":"Polyomavirus BK\u2013a potential new therapeutic target for painful bladder syndrome\/interstitial cystitis?","volume":"83","author":"Beckley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/s11884-023-00713-7","article-title":"The Role of Viral Infection in the Pathogenesis of Interstitial Cystitis\/Bladder Pain Syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Jhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Bladder Dysfunct. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86","DOI":"10.1086\/597827","article-title":"Decreased viral load and symptoms of polyomavirus-associated chronic interstitial cystitis after intravesical cidofovir treatment","volume":"48","author":"Eisen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1086\/498530","article-title":"Rapid dynamics of polyomavirus type BK in renal transplant recipients","volume":"193","author":"Funk","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13528","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13528","article-title":"BK polyomavirus in solid organ transplantation-Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice","volume":"33","author":"Hirsch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004976","article-title":"The Second International Consensus Guidelines on the Management of BK Polyomavirus in Kidney Transplantation","volume":"108","author":"Kotton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-016-2725-8","article-title":"A case of BK virus nephropathy without hemorrhagic cystitis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"95","author":"Burbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2011.07.010","article-title":"Evaluation and management of BK virus-associated nephropathy following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation","volume":"17","author":"Raval","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3046.2008.01069.x","article-title":"BK nephropathy in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients","volume":"13","author":"Verghese","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2009.04.016","article-title":"BK virus infection is associated with hematuria and renal impairment in recipients of allogeneic hematopoetic stem cell transplants","volume":"15","author":"Swanson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2022.11.023","article-title":"BK Viremia and Changes in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Children and Young Adults after Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation","volume":"29","author":"Wychera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transplant. Cell Ther."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13635","article-title":"Symptomatic BK Virus Infection Is Associated With Kidney Function Decline and Poor Overall Survival in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Recipients","volume":"16","author":"Abudayyeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13739","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.13739","article-title":"BK virus encephalitis and end-stage renal disease in a child with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"24","author":"Bush","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12620","article-title":"BK polyomavirus encephalitis in a patient with thrombotic microangiopathy after an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant","volume":"18","author":"Jun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028013500646","article-title":"BK virus encephalitis: Case report, review of the literature, and description of a novel treatment modality","volume":"47","author":"Chittick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.5045\/br.2013.48.3.226","article-title":"BK virus encephalitis without concurrent hemorrhagic cystitis in an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient","volume":"48","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2010.00581.x","article-title":"BK virus encephalitis with thrombotic microangiopathy in an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient","volume":"13","author":"Ferreira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2008.198","article-title":"BK virus encephalitis in an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell recipient","volume":"42","author":"Behre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E142","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12011","article-title":"Fatal BK virus pneumonia following stem cell transplantation","volume":"14","author":"Akazawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199606010-00006","article-title":"JCV-DNA and BKV-DNA in the CNS tissue and CSF of AIDS patients and normal subjects. Study of 41 cases and review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Vago","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90167-N","article-title":"Evidence of human polyomavirus BK and JC infection in normal brain tissue","volume":"191","author":"Elsner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3310","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.12.3310-3313.1993","article-title":"Virological diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: Detection of JC virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue of AIDS patients","volume":"31","author":"Moret","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-005-0511-3","article-title":"Human endothelial cells allow passage of an archetypal BK virus (BKV) strain\u2014A tool for cultivation and functional studies of natural BKV strains","volume":"150","author":"Hansen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2021004933","article-title":"Acute GVHD, BK virus hemorrhagic cystitis and age are risk factors for transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy in adults","volume":"6","author":"Vasu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70038","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70038","article-title":"BK Polyomavirus Infection of Bladder Microvascular Endothelial Cells Leads to the Activation of the cGAS-STING Pathway","volume":"96","author":"Brustikova","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alcendor, D.J. (2019). BK Polyomavirus Virus Glomerular Tropism: Implications for Virus Reactivation from Latency and Amplification during Immunosuppression. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091477"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00027-20","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00027-20","article-title":"Beyond Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr Virus: A Review of Viruses Composing the Blood Virome of Solid Organ Transplant and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients","volume":"33","author":"Zanella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3689","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15557","article-title":"Prevalence of DNA of fourteen human polyomaviruses determined in blood donors","volume":"59","author":"Kamminga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1086\/597126","article-title":"Prevalence of polyomavirus BK and JC infection and replication in 400 healthy blood donors","volume":"199","author":"Egli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.5.1255-1257.1997","article-title":"Persistent JC virus (JCV) infection is demonstrated by continuous shedding of the same JCV strains","volume":"35","author":"Kitamura","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00882.x","article-title":"Prevalence and patterns of polyomavirus urinary excretion in immunocompetent adults and children","volume":"10","author":"Polo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"71","article-title":"Molecular biology and pathogenesis of human polyomavirus infections","volume":"94","author":"Dorries","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev. Biol. Stand."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890100203","article-title":"The role of BK virus in acute respiratory tract disease and the presence of BKV DNA in tonsils","volume":"10","author":"Goudsmit","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.5.1390-1394.1994","article-title":"Detection of BK virus DNA in nasopharyngeal aspirates from children with respiratory infections but not in saliva from immunodeficient and immunocompetent adult patients","volume":"32","author":"Sundsfjord","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(200003)60:3<353::AID-JMV16>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Identification of archetype and rearranged forms of BK virus in leukocytes from healthy individuals","volume":"60","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910610603","article-title":"High incidence of BK virus large-T-antigen-coding sequences in normal human tissues and tumors of different histotypes","volume":"61","author":"Martini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1008","article-title":"Infection of human polyomaviruses JC and BK in peripheral blood leukocytes from immunocompetent individuals","volume":"198","author":"Dorries","year":"1994","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14271","article-title":"Nosocomial BK Polyomavirus Infection Causing Hemorrhagic Cystitis Among Patients With Hematological Malignancies After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation","volume":"17","author":"Kato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-021-04414-1","article-title":"Possible nosocomial transmission of virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"100","author":"Onda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2021.105051","article-title":"JC polyomavirus DNA detection in clinical practice","volume":"146","author":"Kartau","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10450","article-title":"Population-based study of antibody to the human polyomaviruses BKV and JCV and the simian polyomavirus SV40","volume":"71","author":"Knowles","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.01.024","article-title":"Characteristics of polyomavirus BK (BKPyV) infection in primary human urothelial cells","volume":"440","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1705139","article-title":"Polyoma BK virus and haemorrhagic cystitis in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A changing paradigm","volume":"36","author":"Leung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-6143.2003.00126.x-i1","article-title":"Polyomavirus nephropathy in native kidneys of non-renal transplant recipients","volume":"5","author":"Limaye","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2008.02402.x","article-title":"Polyomavirus BK replication dynamics in vivo and in silico to predict cytopathology and viral clearance in kidney transplants","volume":"8","author":"Funk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2014.10.018","article-title":"Choreito formula for BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"21","author":"Kawashima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1705962","article-title":"BK-viruria and haemorrhagic cystitis are more frequent in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant patients receiving full conditioning and unrelated-HLA-mismatched grafts","volume":"41","author":"Giraud","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2014.04.017","article-title":"Relationship of BK polyoma virus (BKV) in the urine with hemorrhagic cystitis and renal function in recipients of T Cell-depleted peripheral blood and cord blood stem cell transplantations","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holland, E.M., Gonzalez, C., Levy, E., Valera, V.A., Chalfin, H., Klicka-Skeels, J., Yates, B., Kleiner, D.E., Hadigan, C., and Dave, H. (2021). Case Report: Fatal Complications of BK Virus-Hemorrhagic Cystitis and Severe Cytokine Release Syndrome Following BK Virus-Specific T-Cells. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.801281"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/BS9.0000000000000110","article-title":"Risk factors associated with hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"4","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000133513.29923.44","article-title":"Dose study of thymoglobulin during conditioning for unrelated donor allogeneic stem-cell transplantation","volume":"78","author":"Remberger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1703847","article-title":"Polyoma viruria following T-cell-depleted allogeneic transplants using Campath-1H: Incidence and outcome in relation to graft manipulation, donor type and conditioning","volume":"31","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaa147","article-title":"BK Virus Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Outcomes: An Analysis of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patients at Texas Children\u2019s Hospital","volume":"10","author":"Ruderfer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"186","article-title":"Prospective Analysis of Hemorrhagic Cystitis and BK Viremia in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation","volume":"37","author":"Atilla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad117","article-title":"BK Polyomavirus Diversity After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation","volume":"228","author":"Odegard","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-021-04454-7","article-title":"Prospective analysis of BKV hemorrhagic cystitis in children and adolescents undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation","volume":"100","author":"Fraczkiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2215943","article-title":"Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide-Based Graft-versus-Host Disease Prophylaxis","volume":"388","author":"Hamadani","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14364","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.14364","article-title":"Evaluation of the risk factors for BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis in pediatric bone marrow transplantation patients: Does post-transplantation cyclophosphamide increase the frequency?","volume":"27","author":"Ersoy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13601","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13601","article-title":"Risk factors of BK viral hemorrhagic cystitis in allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"23","author":"Kaphan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2024.12.006","article-title":"Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of BK Hemorrhagic Cystitis in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation From HLA-Matched and Haploidentical Donors With Post-Transplant Cyclophosphamide","volume":"31","author":"Chorao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transplant. Cell. Ther."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01287-3","article-title":"Post-transplant cyclophosphamide alters immune signatures and leads to impaired T cell reconstitution in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2023-186687","article-title":"Post-Transplant Cyclophosphamide-Based Prophylaxis and Its Impact on the Immune Reconstitution and the Incidence of Infectious Complications","volume":"142","author":"Charry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-019-02589-1","article-title":"Novel insights into the mechanism of cyclophosphamide-induced bladder toxicity: Chloroacetaldehyde\u2019s contribution to urothelial dysfunction in vitro","volume":"93","author":"Mills","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4504","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-127651","article-title":"Effect of Cyclophosphamide on Hemorrhagic Cystitis Following Haploidentical Related Compared to Matched Related\/Unrelated Donor Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A 7-Year Tertiary Center Analysis","volume":"134","author":"Ozturk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12632","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12632","article-title":"Poor immune reconstitution is associated with symptomatic BK polyomavirus viruria in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients","volume":"19","author":"Abudayyeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12775","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12775","article-title":"Viral-specific T-cell response in hemorrhagic cystitis after haploidentical donor stem cell transplantation","volume":"19","author":"Apiwattanakul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2019.06.010","article-title":"Reactivation of BK virus after double umbilical cord blood transplantation in adults correlates with impaired reconstitution of CD4+ and CD8+ T effector memory cells and increase of T regulatory cells","volume":"207","author":"Karantanos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110515","article-title":"Decreased lymphocyte count before conditioning is associated with BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"121","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019001120","article-title":"BK virus-specific T-cell immune reconstitution after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation","volume":"4","author":"Espada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.25536","article-title":"Antibodies to BK virus in children prior to allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant","volume":"62","author":"Laskin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12233","article-title":"The polyomavirus puzzle: Is host immune response beneficial in controlling BK virus after adult hematopoietic cell transplantion?","volume":"16","author":"Satyanarayana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2014.12.002","article-title":"BK polyomavirus reactivation after reduced-intensity double umbilical cord blood cell transplantation","volume":"32","author":"Satyanarayana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transpl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2012.09.003","article-title":"BK polyomavirus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis among pediatric allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients: Treatment response and evidence for nosocomial transmission","volume":"56","author":"Koskenvuo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1086\/427291","article-title":"Ciprofloxacin decreased polyoma BK virus load in patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"40","author":"Leung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2010.12.700","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin for prophylaxis of polyomavirus BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients","volume":"17","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2015.12.009","article-title":"Cidofovir in the Treatment of BK Virus-Associated Hemorrhagic Cystitis after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Philippe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.14721","article-title":"Levofloxacin for BK virus prophylaxis following kidney transplantation: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"312","author":"Knoll","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15328","article-title":"Ciprofloxacin for BK viremia prophylaxis in kidney transplant recipients: Results of a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04230413","article-title":"Efficacy of levofloxacin in the treatment of BK viremia: A multicenter, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000407","article-title":"Effective treatment of severe BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis with leflunomide in children after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A pilot study","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1159\/000345852","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of leflunomide for the treatment of BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients","volume":"130","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Haematol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181f2c94b","article-title":"Assessment of efficacy and safety of FK778 in comparison with standard care in renal transplant recipients with untreated BK nephropathy","volume":"90","author":"Guasch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.4.674","article-title":"In search of a selective antiviral chemotherapy","volume":"10","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv393","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and safety of intravesicular cidofovir in allogeneic HSCT recipients","volume":"71","author":"Aitken","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1705678","article-title":"Low-dose cidofovir treatment of BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis in recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplant","volume":"39","author":"Savona","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1086\/599829","article-title":"Cidofovir for BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis: A retrospective study","volume":"49","author":"Cesaro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/1043454216631952","article-title":"BK Virus-Associated Hemorrhagic Cystitis After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in the Pediatric Population","volume":"34","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Oncol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409-017-0044-x","article-title":"Intravesical cidofovir application in BK virus cystitis after allogeneic hematopoetic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is safe and highly effective","volume":"53","author":"Mayer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2012.247","article-title":"Relationship between clinical and BK virological response in patients with late hemorrhagic cystitis treated with cidofovir: A retrospective study from the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation","volume":"48","author":"Cesaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2010.00513.x","article-title":"Low-dose cidofovir in the treatment of symptomatic BK virus infection in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A retrospective analysis of an algorithmic approach","volume":"12","author":"Ganguly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12914","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12914","article-title":"Comparison of intravenous or intravesical cidofovir in the treatment of BK polyomavirus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis following adult allogeneic stem cell transplantation-A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Schneidewind","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028019897896","article-title":"Intravesicular Cidofovir in the Treatment of BK Virus-Associated Hemorrhagic Cystitis Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation","volume":"54","author":"Tooker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2020.02.005","article-title":"Intravesical cidofovir, use in BK polyomavirus-associated haemorrhagic cystitis after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Off-label","volume":"41","author":"Ferrer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nefrologia"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13141","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.13141","article-title":"Intravesicular cidofovir for BK hemorrhagic cystitis in pediatric patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplant","volume":"22","author":"Foster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1159\/000516269","article-title":"Successful Treatment with Intravenous and Intravascular Cidofovir for BK Virus-Associated Hemorrhagic Cystitis after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Case Report","volume":"14","author":"Mehrvar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Rep. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2008.12.490","article-title":"Intravesicular cidofovir for the management of BK virus-associated cystitis","volume":"15","author":"Rao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E111","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.12477","article-title":"Intravesical cidofovir to treat BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis in children after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"19","author":"Rascon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2022.09.014","article-title":"Daily low dose intravesical cidofovir for the treatment of BK virus associated hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation","volume":"29","author":"Uzay","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"103366","article-title":"Endovesical instillation of Cidofovir in the treatment of BK polyomavirus hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation","volume":"71","author":"Voisot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3020","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab259","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of intravenously administered cidofovir in adult haematopoietic cell transplant recipients: A retrospective multicentre cohort study","volume":"76","author":"Stern","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14367","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.14367","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation phase I\/II multicenter trial of low-dose cidofovir for BK polyomavirus nephropathy","volume":"26","author":"Imlay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000353","article-title":"Brincidofovir Is Not a Substrate for the Human Organic Anion Transporter 1: A Mechanistic Explanation for the Lack of Nephrotoxicity Observed in Clinical Studies","volume":"38","author":"Tippin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.11.020","article-title":"Brincidofovir for polyomavirus-associated nephropathy after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"65","author":"Papanicolaou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E227","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.12340","article-title":"Treatment of BK virus-associated nephropathy with CMX001 after kidney transplantation in a young child","volume":"18","author":"Reisman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2016.01.013","article-title":"Successful treatment with intravesical cidofovir for virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A case report and a review of the literature","volume":"22","author":"Sakurada","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2018.09.038","article-title":"A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Trial of Oral Brincidofovir for Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation","volume":"25","author":"Marty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000456","article-title":"Infusion of cytotoxic T lymphocytes for the treatment of viral infections in hematopoetic stem cell transplant patients","volume":"31","author":"Baugh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242ra83","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008825","article-title":"Activity of broad-spectrum T cells as treatment for AdV, EBV, CMV, BKV, and HHV6 infections after HSCT","volume":"6","author":"Papadopoulou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_170","unstructured":"Papadopoulou, A., Gerdemann, U., Katari, U.L., Tzannou, I., Liu, H., Martinez, C., Leung, K., Carrum, G., Gee, A.P., and Vera, J.F. (2023). Long-Term Follow-Up after Adoptive Transfer of BK-Virus-Specific T Cells in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients. Vaccines, 11."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.12848","article-title":"BKV-specific T cells in the treatment of severe refractory haemorrhagic cystitis after HLA-haploidentical haematopoietic cell transplantation","volume":"98","author":"Pello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-2415","article-title":"Posoleucel, an Allogeneic, Off-the-Shelf Multivirus-Specific T-Cell Therapy, for the Treatment of Refractory Viral Infections in the Post-HCT Setting","volume":"29","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3547","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.73.0655","article-title":"Off-the-Shelf Virus-Specific T Cells to Treat BK Virus, Human Herpesvirus 6, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr Virus, and Adenovirus Infections After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation","volume":"35","author":"Tzannou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000794","article-title":"Beyond antivirals: Virus-specific T-cell immunotherapy for BK virus haemorrhagic cystitis and JC virus progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"34","author":"Nelson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_175","first-page":"5745","article-title":"Virus-specific T-cell therapy to treat BK polyomavirus infection in bone marrow and solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"4","author":"Nelson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2710","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.02608","article-title":"Third-Party BK Virus-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Therapy for Hemorrhagic Cystitis Following Allotransplantation","volume":"39","author":"Olson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000000000329","article-title":"Posoleucel in Kidney Transplant Recipients with BK Viremia: Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 Trial","volume":"35","author":"Chandraker","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_178","unstructured":"(2024, October 15). AlloVir Provides Updates on Phase 3 Clinical Development Program for Posoleucel, an Allogeneic Virus-Specific T Cell Therapy. Available online: https:\/\/ir.allovir.com\/news-releases\/news-release-details\/allovir-provides-updates-phase-3-clinical-development-program."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181f73600","article-title":"Incidence of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients without HIV","volume":"75","author":"Amend","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-023-01164-w","article-title":"Revisiting JC virus and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"29","author":"Rocchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2014.03.018","article-title":"Immune reconstitution after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is associated with selective control of JC virus reactivation","volume":"20","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2024.02.025","article-title":"Development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after cord blood transplantation in a patient with refractory angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma","volume":"30","author":"Aiba","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.03.1381","article-title":"Development of multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation-can preemptive detection of John Cunningham virus be useful?","volume":"26","author":"Avivi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22408","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in transplant recipients","volume":"70","author":"Mateen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2015.11.505","article-title":"Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Associated with Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT) Has Better Prognosis Than PML Associated with Monoclonal Antibodies or Chemotherapy in Hematological Malignancies: Analysis of a Case Series","volume":"22","author":"Raajasekar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828c2fa1","article-title":"PML diagnostic criteria: Consensus statement from the AAN Neuroinfectious Disease Section","volume":"80","author":"Berger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swinnen, B., Saegeman, V., Beuselinck, K., Wouters, A., Cypers, G., Meyfroidt, G., and Schrooten, M. (2019). Predictive value of JC virus PCR in cerebrospinal fluid in the diagnosis of PML. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 95.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2019.06.011"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2015.68","article-title":"JC polyomavirus reactivation is common following allogeneic stem cell transplantation and its preemptive detection may prevent lethal complications","volume":"50","author":"Wittmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.101972","article-title":"Dynamic expression of JC virus in urine and its relationship to serostatus","volume":"41","author":"Berger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21558","article-title":"Viral infection in bone marrow transplants: Is JC virus involved?","volume":"82","author":"Mischitelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manna, P.G.K., Reddy, S., and Nath, S. (2005). JC virus reactivation in hemorrhagic cystitis complicating bone marrow transplantation patients. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant., 11.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2004.12.216"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/127.4.467","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies in human sera against JC virus, an isolate from a case of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"127","author":"Padgett","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2018001","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2018001","article-title":"Systematic review of the published data on the worldwide prevalence of John Cunningham virus in patients with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica","volume":"40","author":"Paz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Health"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq097","article-title":"Pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy\u2014revisited","volume":"203","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5672","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.12.5672-5676.2001","article-title":"JC virus regulatory region tandem repeats in plasma and central nervous system isolates correlate with poor clinical outcome in patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"75","author":"Pfister","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83030","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.83030","article-title":"T cell deficiency precipitates antibody evasion and emergence of neurovirulent polyomavirus","volume":"11","author":"Lauver","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solis, M., Guffroy, A., Lersy, F., Soulier, E., Gallais, F., Renaud, M., Douiri, N., Argemi, X., Hansmann, Y., and De Seze, J. (2020). Inadequate Immune Humoral Response against JC Virus in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Non-Survivors. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12121380"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02565-14","article-title":"JC virus quasispecies analysis reveals a complex viral population underlying progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and supports viral dissemination via the hematogenous route","volume":"89","author":"Thys","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilczek, M.P., Pike, A.M.C., Craig, S.E., Maginnis, M.S., and King, B.L. (2022). Rearrangement in the Hypervariable Region of JC Polyomavirus Genomes Isolated from Patient Samples and Impact on Transcription Factor-Binding Sites and Disease Outcomes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105699"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-019-09877-8","article-title":"Host-Immune Interactions in JC Virus Reactivation and Development of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)","volume":"14","author":"Khalili","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2024.105817","article-title":"High-throughput drug screen identifies calcium and calmodulin inhibitors that reduce JCPyV infection","volume":"222","author":"Bond","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaiserman, J., O\u2019Hara, B.A., Haley, S.A., and Atwood, W.J. (2023). An Elusive Target: Inhibitors of JC Polyomavirus Infection and Their Development as Therapeutics for the Treatment of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108580"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1815039","article-title":"Pembrolizumab Treatment for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy","volume":"380","author":"Cortese","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280152537274","article-title":"Cidofovir in AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: A monocenter observational study with clinical and JC virus load monitoring","volume":"7","author":"Gasnault","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-016-0433-8","article-title":"Treatment of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy With Mirtazapine","volume":"36","author":"Jamilloux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-013-0173-y","article-title":"A study of mefloquine treatment for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: Results and exploration of predictors of PML outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Clifford","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200209060-00012","article-title":"A pilot study of cidofovir for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in AIDS","volume":"16","author":"Marra","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199805073381903","article-title":"Failure of cytarabine in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"338","author":"Hall","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26512","article-title":"Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Treated by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"93","author":"Boumaza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2010.221","article-title":"Polyomavirus JC-targeted T-cell therapy for progressive multiple leukoencephalopathy in a hematopoietic cell transplantation recipient","volume":"46","author":"Balduzzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1801540","article-title":"Allogeneic BK Virus-Specific T Cells for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy","volume":"379","author":"Muftuoglu","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2022.04.001","article-title":"Successful JC virus-targeted T-cell therapy for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a lung transplant recipient","volume":"41","author":"Peghin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26020","article-title":"Adoptive Transfer of JC Virus-Specific T Lymphocytes for the Treatment of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy","volume":"89","author":"Berzero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2021.11.005","article-title":"Off-the-Shelf Third-Party Virus-Specific T Cell Therapy to Treat JC Polyomavirus Infection in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Recipients","volume":"28","author":"Rubinstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transplant. Cell. Ther."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2024.3324","article-title":"Directly Isolated Allogeneic Virus-Specific T Cells in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy","volume":"81","author":"Mohn","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_216","first-page":"1355","article-title":"Seroprevalence of trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus","volume":"17","author":"Kazem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu524","article-title":"Human polyomavirus 7-associated pruritic rash and viremia in transplant recipients","volume":"211","author":"Ho","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.11.035","article-title":"Human polyomavirus 6 and 7 are associated with pruritic and dyskeratotic dermatoses","volume":"76","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17081","article-title":"Trichodysplasia spinulosa: A comprehensive review of the disease and its treatment","volume":"35","author":"Curman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.12659","article-title":"Polyomaviruses BK, JC, KI, WU, MC, and TS in children with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"20","author":"Rahiala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12500","article-title":"Studies of human polyomaviruses, with HPyV7, BKPyV, and JCPyV present in urine of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplanted patients with or without hemorrhagic cystitis","volume":"18","author":"Franzen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23565","article-title":"Monitoring of KI and WU polyomaviruses in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients","volume":"85","author":"Porrovecchio","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-9-209","article-title":"The polyomaviruses WUPyV and KIPyV: A retrospective quantitative analysis in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"9","author":"Motamedi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1501.080758","article-title":"Polyomaviruses KI and WU in immunocompromised patients with respiratory disease","volume":"15","author":"Mourez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1810.120477","article-title":"WU and KI polyomaviruses in respiratory samples from allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients","volume":"18","author":"Kuypers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2201.151384","article-title":"Multiorgan WU Polyomavirus Infection in Bone Marrow Transplant Recipient","volume":"22","author":"Siebrasse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.16534","article-title":"Current treatments and emerging therapies of human polyomavirus-associated skin diseases: A comprehensive review","volume":"62","author":"Bartley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/3\/403\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:51:17Z","timestamp":1760028677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/3\/403"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"references-count":227,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["v17030403"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17030403","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]}}}