{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:03:41Z","timestamp":1760058221103,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>After transplantation, systematically monitoring and assessing the risk of transplanted organ rejection is crucial. Current methods involving immunosuppressant monitoring, the assessment of organ function, and biopsies are insufficient for predicting rejection. However, regular determination of torque teno virus (TTV) load after transplantation may prove to be a useful parameter for monitoring immunosuppression efficacy. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate TTV load in patients before and after lung transplantation and the kinetics of TTV growth in relation to immunosuppression strength. We included 14 patients (mean age: 49.4 \u00b1 14.0 years) undergoing lung transplantation and determined TTV copy numbers using the commercial ARGENE TTV-R-GENE kit from BioMerieux from the day of transplantation to 180 days post-transplantation. We also developed an empirical immunosuppression unit scale to calculate immunosuppression strength. We observed an average positive correlation between log10 TTV and immunosuppression strength, with significant increases in log10 TTV depending on the duration of immunosuppression. These results indicate the potential of TTV as a new parameter to assess the possibility of transplanted organ rejection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17030438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T07:48:37Z","timestamp":1742370517000},"page":"438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effect of Immunosuppressive Treatment on Torque Teno Virus Load in Lung Transplant Recipients: A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1410-5845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Ochman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery and Transplantology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3313-8084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dagmara","family":"Galle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery and Transplantology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonology and Internal Medicine, Wielkopolska Centre for Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery, 60-569 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kowal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery and Transplantology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kr\u00f3likowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery and Transplantology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fryderyk","family":"Zawadzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology and Internal Medicine, Wielkopolska Centre for Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery, 60-569 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Stanjek-Cichoracka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"},{"name":"Laboratory of Transplant Immunology, Silesian Centre for Heart Diseases, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"\u0141aszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Transplant Immunology, Silesian Centre for Heart Diseases, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0111-438X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Che\u0142mecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8945-7351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Hrapkowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery and Transplantology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy452","article-title":"Torque Teno Virus as a Novel Biomarker Targeting the Efficacy of Immunosuppression After Lung Transplantation","volume":"218","author":"Jaksch","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2716","article-title":"Consensus recommendations for use of maintenance immunosuppression in solid organ transplantation: Endorsed by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy, American Society of Transplantation, and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation","volume":"42","author":"Nelson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacother. J. Hum. Pharmacol. Drug Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuurmans, M.M., Raeber, M.E., Roeder, M., and Hage, R. (2023). Adaptive Immunosuppression in Lung Transplant Recipients Applying Complementary Biomarkers: The Zurich Protocol. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59030488"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"726","article-title":"Immunosuppressive Drugs","volume":"4","author":"Hussain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Encycl. Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0000000000000979","article-title":"Cell-free DNA in lung transplantation: Research tool or clinical workhorse?","volume":"27","author":"Keller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Organ Transpl."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.09.004","article-title":"Virome analysis of antiretroviral-treated HIV patients shows no correlation between T-cell activation and anelloviruses levels","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03868.x","article-title":"Gross Elevation of TT Virus Genome Load in the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Cancer Patients","volume":"945","author":"Zhong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2013.12.007","article-title":"Plasma DNA levels of Torque teno virus and immunosuppression after lung transplantation","volume":"33","author":"Haloschan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transpl."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2023.110720","article-title":"Kinetics of Torque Teno virus in heart transplant patients","volume":"84","author":"Berg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2019.05.010","article-title":"Torquetenovirus viremia for early prediction of graft rejection after kidney transplantation","volume":"79","author":"Solis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001455","article-title":"Torque Teno Virus Load\u2014Inverse Association with Antibody-Mediated Rejection After Kidney Transplantation","volume":"101","author":"Schiemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002436","article-title":"Kinetics of Torque Teno Virus-DNA Plasma Load Predict Rejection in Lung Transplant Recipients","volume":"103","author":"Frye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu209","article-title":"Torque Teno Virus Viremia Correlates with Intensity of Maintenance Immunosuppression in Adult Orthotopic Liver Transplant","volume":"210","author":"Focosi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/3\/438\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:56:15Z","timestamp":1760028975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/3\/438"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["v17030438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17030438","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4915"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]}}}