{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T17:56:27Z","timestamp":1783619787832,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Central Research Institute of Epidemiology","award":["122053000056-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122053000056-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The persistence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) within viral reservoirs poses significant challenges to eradication efforts. Epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation, are potential factors influencing the latency and persistence of HIV. This study details the development and application of techniques to assess CpG methylation in the promoter regions of the CCR5 and CXCR4 genes, which are key HIV-1 coreceptors. Using both Sanger sequencing and pyrosequencing methods, we examined 51 biological samples from 17 people living with HIV at three time points: baseline (week 0) and post-antiretroviral therapy (ART) at weeks 24 and 48. Our results revealed that CXCR4 promoter CpG sites were largely unmethylated, while CCR5 promoter CpGs exhibited significant variability in methylation levels. Specifically, CCR5 CpG 1 showed a significant decrease in methylation from week 0 to week 48, while CXCR4 CpG 3 displayed a significant decrease between week 0 and week 24. These differences were statistically significant when compared with non-HIV-infected controls. These findings demonstrate distinct methylation patterns between CCR5 and CXCR4 promoters in people living with HIV over time, suggesting that epigenetic modifications may play a role in regulating the persistence of HIV-1. Our techniques provide a reliable framework for assessing gene promoter methylation and could be applied in further research on the epigenetics of HIV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17040465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T06:25:15Z","timestamp":1742883915000},"page":"465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Promoter Methylation of HIV Coreceptor-Related Genes CCR5 and CXCR4: Original Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5456-7649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Esman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2517-5048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetlana","family":"Salamaikina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7116-0138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Kirichenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4101-0702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Vinokurov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5870-5594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darya","family":"Fomina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"State Research Center\u2014Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0771-3488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirill","family":"Sikamov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2733-6663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arina","family":"Syrkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2677-0404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Pokrovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Medical Institute, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4228-9044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasily","family":"Akimkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105243","article-title":"Prevention of HIV-1 Infection with Early Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"365","author":"Cohen","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. 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