{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T23:04:32Z","timestamp":1762211072330,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Ibadan","award":["R01CA274952","WLWHA U01 CA275129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA274952","WLWHA U01 CA275129"]}]},{"name":"Epigenetic study of oral HPV infection-associated oral cancer in people living with HIV in Nigeria (EpOOCH)","award":["R01CA274952","WLWHA U01 CA275129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA274952","WLWHA U01 CA275129"]}]},{"name":"West Africa Self-Sampling HPV Based Cervical Cancer Control Program (WASH-CC)","award":["R01CA274952","WLWHA U01 CA275129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA274952","WLWHA U01 CA275129"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to identify and quantify the relative and collective contributions of lifestyle, behavioral, and biological risk factors to cervical HPV infections among female sex workers (FSWs) in Ibadan, Nigeria. This cross-sectional study was part of the Sexual Behavior and HPV Infections in Nigerians in Ibadan project and involved 182 FSWs for whom complete data on HPV genotypes were available. Quantile-based g-computation was employed to assess the relative and collective contributions of risk factors to any cervical HPV\/hrHPV infections and multiple cervical HPV\/hrHPV. The collective contribution of all selected risk factors to multiple high-risk cervical HPV was 2.47 (95% CI: 0.97\u20133.23). The number of other anatomic sites with HPV infections showed the highest positive relative contribution to multiple cervical HPV\/hrHPV. Alcohol consumption and the total number of sexual partners contributed to high-risk cervical HPV and multiple cervical HPV\/hrHPV, while age at first vaginal sex had a negative relative contribution. This study highlights the significant contribution of HPV infections in multiple anatomic sites as a risk to the acquisition of cervical HPV in FSWs. Routine screening protocols should be enhanced to include multiple anatomic sites, and targeted educational programs are recommended to address the specific risks faced by FSWs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17040485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T06:06:35Z","timestamp":1743141995000},"page":"485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Assessment of Relative Contributions of Lifestyle, Behavioral and Biological Risk Factors for Cervical Human Papillomavirus Infections in Female Sex Workers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7448-4824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran","family":"Morhason-Bello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan\/University College Hospital, Ibadan 200285, Nigeria"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200285, Nigeria"},{"name":"HPV Consortium, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200285, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyeezu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3284-3232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuf","family":"Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200285, Nigeria"},{"name":"HPV Consortium, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200285, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"},{"name":"Robert J. Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunday","family":"Oyerinde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan\/University College Hospital, Ibadan 200285, Nigeria"},{"name":"HPV Consortium, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200285, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oluwasegun Caleb","family":"Idowu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan\/University College Hospital, Ibadan 200285, Nigeria"},{"name":"HPV Consortium, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200285, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miquel \u00c1ngel","family":"Pav\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Cancer Laboratory, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, ICO, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 08908 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathy","family":"Baisley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0224-7600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adeola","family":"Fowotade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HPV Consortium, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200285, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200285, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7871-3973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mamoudou","family":"Maiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"},{"name":"Robert J. Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Musa","family":"Jonah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos 930105, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth Nicole","family":"Christian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert J. Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8748-2879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olufemi","family":"Ogunbiyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HPV Consortium, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200285, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200285, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Adewole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HPV Consortium, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200285, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lifang","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"},{"name":"Robert J. 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