{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:37:09Z","timestamp":1790786229324,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grant Council","award":["17108417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17108417"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grant Council","award":["17118515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17118515"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grant Council","award":["T11-705\/14-N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T11-705\/14-N"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grant Council","award":["T11-712\/19-N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T11-712\/19-N"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grant Council","award":["HHSN272201400006C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201400006C"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grant Council","award":["75N93021C00016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00016"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["17108417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17108417"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["17118515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17118515"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["T11-705\/14-N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T11-705\/14-N"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["T11-712\/19-N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T11-712\/19-N"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["HHSN272201400006C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201400006C"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["75N93021C00016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00016"]}]},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Foundation","award":["17108417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17108417"]}]},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Foundation","award":["17118515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17118515"]}]},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Foundation","award":["T11-705\/14-N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T11-705\/14-N"]}]},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Foundation","award":["T11-712\/19-N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T11-712\/19-N"]}]},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Foundation","award":["HHSN272201400006C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201400006C"]}]},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Foundation","award":["75N93021C00016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rattus norvegicus (brown rat), a widely distributed rodent and common biomedical model, is a known reservoir for many zoonotic pathogens but has not been traditionally recognized as a host for influenza A virus (IAV). To evaluate their susceptibility, we intranasally inoculated Sprague-Dawley rats with various IAV subtypes, including H5Nx, H7N9, H9N2, H10N8 and the 2009 pandemic H1N1. All strains productively infected the rats, inducing seroconversion without overt clinical signs. While replication efficiency varied, all viruses caused significant lung injury with a preferential tropism for the upper respiratory tract. Investigation of receptor distribution revealed a predominance of \u03b12,3-linked sialic acid (SA) in the nasal turbinates and trachea, whereas \u03b12,6-linked SA was more abundant in the lungs. Notably, both receptor types coexisted throughout the respiratory tract, aligning with the observed tissue-specific replication patterns and broad viral infectivity. These findings demonstrate that rats are permissive hosts for multiple IAV subtypes, challenging their exclusion from IAV ecology. The asymptomatic yet pathogenic nature of infection, combined with the global synanthropy of rats, underscores their potential role as cryptic reservoirs in viral maintenance and transmission. This study highlights the need for expanded surveillance of rodents in influenza ecology to mitigate zoonotic risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17040495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T05:21:04Z","timestamp":1743398464000},"page":"495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Experimental Infection of Rats with Influenza A Viruses: Implications for Murine Rodents in Influenza A Virus Ecology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1670-4523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Long","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education), Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University-The University of Hong Kong), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rirong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education), Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University-The University of Hong Kong), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhigang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education), Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University-The University of Hong Kong), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0995-5637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinglong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education), Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University-The University of Hong Kong), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education), Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University-The University of Hong Kong), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2711-0501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huachen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education), Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University-The University of Hong Kong), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08182","article-title":"Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic","volume":"459","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1304459","article-title":"Human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus","volume":"368","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. 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