{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T08:41:40Z","timestamp":1789548100153,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Project CRIS","award":["3625-32000-222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3625-32000-222"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cell-mediated immunity is an important component of the immune response for intracellular pathogens. Live vaccines containing different pathogens are used concurrently in the field but are generally licensed individually. Concurrent administration of these vaccines has led to concerns about immune interference. The goal of this study was to characterize BVDV-specific responses to vaccination and determine the effect of concurrent Brucella abortus strain RB51 (RB51) vaccine administration. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from cattle vaccinated with a modified-live viral (MLV) vaccine containing BVDV, both RB51 and an MLV, or unvaccinated controls were utilized to evaluate antibody titers and the frequency of interferon gamma (IFN-\u03b3) production within CD4+, CD8+ T cells, and NK cell populations via flow-cytometry. Our data demonstrated the lack of vaccine interference following concurrent administration of two common bovine MLVs and may even suggest some level of enhanced IFN-\u03b3 production with concurrent administration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17040553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T05:38:26Z","timestamp":1744349906000},"page":"553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of Concurrent Administration of BVDV Modified Live Viral Vaccine and RB51 on Immune Responses in Cattle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lauren S.","family":"Crawford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA"},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA"},{"name":"Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9305-6307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shollie","family":"Falkenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4136-3831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven C.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3426-2426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola M.","family":"Boggiatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Kubati, A.A.G., Hussen, J., Kandeel, M., Al-Mubarak, A.I.A., and Hemida, M.G. (2021). Recent Advances on the Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Molecular Pathogenesis, Immune Response, and Vaccines Development. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.665128"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"734","article-title":"The effect of subunit or modified live bovine herpesvirus-1 vaccines on the efficacy of a recombinant Pasteurella haemolytica vaccine for the prevention of respiratory disease in feedlot calves","volume":"33","author":"Harland","year":"1992","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.08.087","article-title":"Antibody titers to vaccination are not predictive of level of protection against a BVDV type 1 b challenge in Bos indicus\u2014Bos taurus steers","volume":"34","author":"Ridpath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.04.005","article-title":"Comparison of reproductive protection against bovine viral diarrhea virus provided by multivalent viral vaccines containing inactivated fractions of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and 2","volume":"36","author":"Walz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110024","article-title":"Measuring CMI responses using the PrimeFlow RNA assay: A new method of evaluating BVDV vaccination response in cattle","volume":"221","author":"Falkenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2012.07.003","article-title":"Immunology of BVDV vaccines","volume":"41","author":"Ridpath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.65","article-title":"Effect of passive immunity on the development of a protective immune response against bovine viral diarrhea virus in calves","volume":"64","author":"Ridpath","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.79.11.1166","article-title":"Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to bovine herpesvirus type 1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus in calves following administration of a killed-virus vaccine and bovine herpesvirus type 1 challenge","volume":"79","author":"Rinehart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crawford, L., Falkenberg, S., Putz, E.J., Olsen, S., and Boggiatto, P.M. (2023). Effects of concurrent administration of modified live viral vaccines with RB51 on immune responses to RB51. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1105485"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falkenberg, S.M., Dassanayake, R.P., Terhaar, B., Ridpath, J.F., Neill, J.D., and Roth, J.A. (2021). Evaluation of Antigenic Comparisons Among BVDV Isolates as it Relates to Humoral and Cell Mediated Responses. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.685114"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.07.010","article-title":"Multivariate analysis as a method to evaluate antigenic relationships between BVDV vaccine and field strains","volume":"38","author":"Mosena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638713518208","article-title":"Lack of evidence for the presence of emerging HoBi-like viruses in North American fetal bovine serum lots","volume":"26","author":"Bauermann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.01.006","article-title":"Evaluation of reproductive protection against bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpesvirus-1 afforded by annual revaccination with modified-live viral or combination modified-live\/killed viral vaccines after primary vaccination with modified-live viral vaccine","volume":"35","author":"Walz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.09.046","article-title":"Changes in circulating lymphocytes and lymphoid tissue associated with vaccination of colostrum deprived calves","volume":"38","author":"Falkenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1992.53.10.1881","article-title":"Bacterial survival, lymph node changes, and immunologic responses of cattle vaccinated with standard and mutant strains of Brucella abortus","volume":"53","author":"Cheville","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1053\/rvsc.1998.0251","article-title":"Responses of cattle to two dosages of Brucella abortus strain RB51: Serology, clearance and efficacy","volume":"66","author":"Olsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2009.02.017","article-title":"Bovine natural killer cells","volume":"130","author":"Boysen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-016-0367-4","article-title":"Interactions between natural killer cells and dendritic cells favour T helper1-type responses to BCG in calves","volume":"47","author":"Hamilton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1244","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1244","article-title":"Regulation of the human NK cell compartment by pathogens and vaccines","volume":"10","author":"Goodier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2015.07.004","article-title":"Boosting vaccine efficacy the natural (killer) way","volume":"36","author":"Rydyznski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.9","article-title":"Natural killer cell memory in infection, inflammation and cancer","volume":"16","author":"Cerwenka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forrest, C., Gomes, A., Reeves, M., and Male, V. (2020). NK Cell Memory to Cytomegalovirus: Implications for Vaccine Development. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030394"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2021.06.004","article-title":"Targeting natural killer cells to enhance vaccine responses","volume":"42","author":"Cox","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/4\/553\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:12:40Z","timestamp":1760029960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/4\/553"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["v17040553"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17040553","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]}}}