{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:10:34Z","timestamp":1760058634905,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Merck Animal Health, Inc","award":["019642-00001","143656"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["019642-00001","143656"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parainfluenza viruses are a common cause of respiratory illness in many species. In this study, experimental, alphavirus-derived RNA particle vaccines either with or without adjuvant were evaluated against porcine parainfluenza virus 1 (PPIV1) challenge and compared to live virus exposure. Groups of ten, three-week-old pigs were vaccinated intramuscularly with an adjuvanted RNA particle (RPAdj\/C) or non-adjuvanted RP (RP\/C) or administered an intranasal live exposure (LE\/C) dose of PPIV1 at 0- and 21-days post vaccination (DPV) followed by challenge with PPIV1 at 40 DPV. In addition, two groups were included as non-vaccinated, non-challenged (NV\/NC) and non-vaccinated, challenged (NV\/C) controls. Intranasal virus exposure and RP vaccination, regardless of adjuvant, reduced PPIV1 shedding in nasal swabs by 5 days post inoculation (DPI). All vaccinated or exposed pigs seroconverted as shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and serum virus neutralization. The antibody isotype detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) LE\/C was predominantly IgA while RP vaccination induced an IgG response. Reduced PPIV1 antigen was observed in the LE\/C, RP\/C and RPAdj\/C groups in lung, trachea, or nasal turbinate epithelium. Additionally, the RPAdj vaccine significantly reduced nasal shedding compared to NV\/C pigs although not as much as LE\/C pigs. These results suggest vaccination could mitigate PPIV1 infection in commercial systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17040565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T07:42:01Z","timestamp":1744616521000},"page":"565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Experimental Efficacy of an Alphavirus Vectored RNA Particle Vaccine Against Porcine Parainfluenza Virus-1 in Conventional Weaned Pigs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Welch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Krueger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7228-6202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianqiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0884-7762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Pi\u00f1eyro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Mogler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck Animal Health, 1102 Southern Hills Dr #101, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2661-4890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin","family":"Strait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck Animal Health, 1102 Southern Hills Dr #101, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2540-8769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phillip","family":"Gauger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, July 12). 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