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agent of herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis in several economically important farmed freshwater fish species of the genus Carassius. Despite several CyHV-2 strains being isolated and fully sequenced, there is a lack of detailed characterization and consistent information on strains that exhibit high virulence in adult goldfish through viral challenge by immersion, particularly in the context of European strains and host populations. Strains that can cause highly virulent disease via this inoculation route are much more compatible with experimental designs that are representative of natural infection; thus, their utilization provides greater biological relevance. Consequently, in this study, we isolated three novel strains of CyHV-2 (designated NL-1, NL-2, and NL-3), originating from outbreaks in The Netherlands. Full-length genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed that these newly isolated strains are distinct from known strains and from each other. Significant differences were observed between the strains, in terms of in vitro growth kinetics, with NL-2 exhibiting stable passaging and superior fitness in vitro. Importantly, the challenge of adult Shubunkin goldfish with the NL-2 strain via immersion (2000 PFU\/mL) induced an average mortality of ~40%, while parallel experiments with the CyHV-2 reference strain ST-J1 resulted in no mortality. Taken together, this study represents the characterization of a new CyHV-2 in vivo infection model, much more compatible with experimental designs that are required to be representative of natural infection. This model will be extremely useful in many aspects of CyHV-2 research in the future. Importantly, the genetic and phenotypic characterization performed in this study generates hypotheses on the potential roles of CyHV-2 genes in adaptation of the virus in vitro or in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17050658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T11:35:13Z","timestamp":1746185713000},"page":"658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Genomic and Phenotypic Characterization of a Novel Virulent Strain of Cyvirus\u00a0cyprinidallo2 Originating from an Outbreak in The Netherlands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8694-6995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, B-4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Sridhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, B-4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4944-584X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Thiry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIGA Neurosciences\u2014Cellular and Tissue Biology, Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Li\u00e8ge, B-4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Haenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University Research, P.O. 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C.","family":"Vanderplasschen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, B-4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"},{"name":"WEL Research Institute, Avenue Pasteur 6, B-1300 Wavre, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1068-5248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Owen","family":"Donohoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, B-4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"},{"name":"Bioscience Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, N37 HD68 Athlone, Co., Westmeath, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kibenge, F.S.B., and Godoy, M.G. 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