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Both NHPs and humans host a variety of herpesviruses. While these viruses typically cause asymptomatic infections in their natural hosts, they can lead to severe disease or even death when they move into novel hosts. In early 2024, deaths of Callithrix penicillata, the black-tufted marmoset, were reported in an urban park in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The epizootic was investigated in collaboration with CETAS\/IBAMA and the Zoonoses Department of Belo Horizonte. Nine marmoset carcasses and four sick marmosets were found in the park; the latter exhibited severe neurological symptoms and systemic illness before succumbing within 48 h. Carcasses were tested for rabies virus and were all negative, and necropsy findings revealed widespread organ damage. In addition, the samples were tested for yellow fever virus, with negative results. Finally, molecular testing, viral isolation, and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1) as the causative agent. The likely source of infection was human-to-marmoset transmission, facilitated by close interactions such as feeding and handling. This study highlights the risks of pathogen spillover between humans and nonhuman primates, emphasizing the need for enhanced surveillance and public awareness to mitigate future epizootics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17050660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T11:35:13Z","timestamp":1746185713000},"page":"660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Human Herpesvirus 1 Associated with Epizootics in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4256-247X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela Fernanda","family":"Garcia-Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus, Departament of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikaelly","family":"Frasson Biccas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus, Departament of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus, Departament of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcelle Alves","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus, Departament of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8560-1056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria de Oliveira","family":"Paschoal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus, Departament of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9659-5621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Augusto","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Ren\u00e9 Rachou\/Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cec\u00edlia","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres, Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais n\u00e3o Renov\u00e1veis, Belo Horizonte 30110-051, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel Ambr\u00f3sio da Rocha","family":"Vilela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres, Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais n\u00e3o Renov\u00e1veis, Belo Horizonte 30110-051, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c9rika Proc\u00f3pio Tostes","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Estadual de Florestas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31630-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thiago Lima","family":"Stehling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Estadual de Florestas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31630-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thais Melo","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diretoria de Zoonoses Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte 31270-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marlise Costa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Zoonoses, Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte 31750-030, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Munique Guimar\u00e3es","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Zoonoses, Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte 31750-030, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan Vieira","family":"Sonoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Zoonoses, Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte 31750-030, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4403-3907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9rica Munhoz","family":"Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, 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