{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T02:12:16Z","timestamp":1788401536790,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infections by influenza A virus (IAV) are a significant cause of global mortality. The pathogenesis of the infection is usually studied in terms of direct viral-induced damage or the overreactive immune response that continues after the virus is cleared. However, factors such as the initial infectious dose, the early response after infection in different cell types, and the presence of autoantibodies for relevant antiviral cytokines like type I IFNs seem to influence the course of the infection and lead to fatal outcomes. In this article, we address the current knowledge about the early events during influenza virus infection, which are important for their participation in influenza-derived pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17050694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T03:59:26Z","timestamp":1747108766000},"page":"694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Pathogenesis Induced by Influenza Virus Infection: Role of the Early Events of the Infection and the Innate Immune Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Alicia Helena","family":"M\u00e1rquez-Bandala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Cuernavaca C.P. 62209, Morelos, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda Viral, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernava C.P. 62350, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1828-0007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourdes","family":"Gutierrez-Xicotencatl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Virus y C\u00e1ncer, Centro de Investigacion Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Cuernavaca C.P. 62209, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Esquivel-Guadarrama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda Viral, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernava C.P. 62350, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2014.08.030","article-title":"The Role of Viral, Host, and Secondary Bacterial Factors in Influenza Pathogenesis","volume":"185","author":"Kash","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"E13","article-title":"Influenza vaccination in high-risk groups: A revision of existing guidelines and rationale for an evidence-based preventive strategy","volume":"57","author":"Costantino","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.21869","article-title":"High-risk Groups for Influenza Complications","volume":"324","author":"Uyeki","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33293-2","article-title":"Estimates of global seasonal influenza-associated respiratory mortality: A modelling study","volume":"391","author":"Luliano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.005","article-title":"Avian influenza, a new threat to public health in Europe?","volume":"28","author":"Adlhoch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo1232","article-title":"Resurgence of avian influenza virus","volume":"376","author":"Wille","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3171","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14458","article-title":"Genetic and biological properties of H10N3 avian influenza viruses: A potential pandemic candidate?","volume":"69","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00186214","article-title":"Influenza virus-induced lung injury: Pathogenesis and implications for treatment","volume":"45","author":"Herold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2020.06.005","article-title":"One hundred years of (influenza) immunopathology","volume":"107","author":"Boyd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Overview of Influenza Viruses","volume":"Volume 370","author":"Pleschka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Swine Influenza"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dou, D., Revol, R., \u00d6stbye, H., Wang, H., and Daniels, R. (2018). Influenza A Virus Cell Entry, Replication, Virion Assembly and Movement. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01581"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos, I., and Fernandez-Sesma, A. (2012). Cell Receptors for Influenza a Viruses and the Innate Immune Response. Front. Microbiol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00117"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuoka, Y., Matsumae, H., Katoh, M., Eisfeld, A.J., Neumann, G., Hase, T., Ghosh, S., Shoemaker, J.E., Lopes, T.J., and Watanabe, T. (2013). A comprehensive map of the influenza A virus replication cycle. BMC Syst. Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-0509-7-97"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.08.004","article-title":"The role of respiratory epithelium in host defence against influenza virus infection","volume":"41","author":"Denney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mifsud, E.J., Kuba, M., and Barr, I.G. (2021). Innate Immune Responses to Influenza Virus Infections in the Upper Respiratory Tract. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13102090"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2011.01044.x","article-title":"Caspase-1-induced pyroptotic cell death","volume":"243","author":"Miao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/10643388409381721","article-title":"Minimum infective dose of animal viruses","volume":"14","author":"Ward","year":"1984","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Control"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.11.008","article-title":"Influenza and rhinovirus viral load and disease severity in upper respiratory tract infections","volume":"86","author":"Granados","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2612.201664","article-title":"Small Particle Aerosol Exposure of African Green Monkeys to MERS-CoV as a Model for Highly Pathogenic Coronavirus Infection","volume":"26","author":"Totura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268821000790","article-title":"Review of infective dose, routes of transmission and outcome of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-COV-2: Comparison with other respiratory viruses","volume":"149","author":"Karimzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"2","article-title":"Pattern of nasal secretions during experimental influenza virus infection","volume":"34","author":"Doyle","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.3.8810602","article-title":"Lower airway responses to influenza A virus in healthy allergic and nonallergic subjects","volume":"154","author":"Skoner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1355","article-title":"Local and systemic cytokine responses during experimental human influenza A virus infection. Relation to symptom formation and host defense","volume":"101","author":"Hayden","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.114.2.452","article-title":"Respiratory Nitric Oxide Levels in Experimental Human Influenza","volume":"114","author":"Murphy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62263-6","article-title":"Effect of experimental influenza A infection on systemic immune and inflammatory parameters in allergic and nonallergic adult subjects","volume":"87","author":"Gentile","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paulo, A.C., Correia-Neves, M., Domingos, T., Murta, A.G., and Pedrosa, J. (2010). Influenza Infectious Dose May Explain the High Mortality of the Second and Third Wave of 1918\u20131919 Influenza Pandemic. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011655"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-011-9056-7","article-title":"Minimum Infective Dose of the Major Human Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Transmitted Through Food and the Environment","volume":"3","author":"Yezli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu924","article-title":"Validation of the Wild-type Influenza A Human Challenge Model H1N1pdMIST: An A(H1N1)pdm09 Dose-Finding Investigational New Drug Study","volume":"60","author":"Memoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1011490","article-title":"Initial infectious dose dictates the innate, adaptive, and memory responses to influenza in the respiratory tract","volume":"92","author":"Marois","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.2.223","article-title":"Contribution of virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells to virus clearance or pathologic manifestations of influenza virus infection in a T cell receptor transgenic mouse model","volume":"188","author":"Moskophidis","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rashid, F., Xie, Z., Li, M., Xie, Z., Luo, S., and Xie, L. (2023). Roles and functions of IAV proteins in host immune evasion. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1323560"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00559-19","article-title":"Innate Immune Response to Influenza Virus at Single-Cell Resolution in Human Epithelial Cells Revealed Paracrine Induction of Interferon Lambda 1","volume":"93","author":"Ramos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2010.10.001","article-title":"High infectivity and pathogenicity of influenza A virus via aerosol and droplet transmission","volume":"2","author":"Teunis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-012420-022445","article-title":"Seasonality of Respiratory Viral Infections","volume":"7","author":"Moriyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2010.0085","article-title":"Aerosol inoculation with a sub-lethal influenza virus leads to exacerbated morbidity and pulmonary disease pathogenesis","volume":"24","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-010-1043-z","article-title":"Respiratory epithelial cells in innate immunity to influenza virus infection","volume":"343","author":"Sanders","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.4RU0820-232R","article-title":"From virus to inflammation, how influenza promotes lung damage","volume":"110","author":"Klomp","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Liu, S., Goraya, M.U., Maarouf, M., Huang, S., and Chen, J.-L. (2018). Host Immune Response to Influenza A Virus Infection. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00320"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meischel, T., Villalon-Letelier, F., Saunders, P.M., Reading, P.C., and Londrigan, S.L. (2020). Influenza A virus interactions with macrophages: Lessons from epithelial cells. Cell. Microbiol., 22.","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.13170"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4421","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02356-10","article-title":"Effects of Receptor Binding Specificity of Avian Influenza Virus on the Human Innate Immune Response","volume":"85","author":"Ramos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02951","article-title":"Enhanced virulence of influenza A viruses with the haemagglutinin of the 1918 pandemic virus","volume":"431","author":"Kobasa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202201837","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202201837","article-title":"The pro-inflammatory response to influenza A virus infection is fueled by endothelial cells","volume":"6","author":"Bauer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci. Alliance"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.08.015","article-title":"Endothelial Cells Are Central Orchestrators of Cytokine Amplification during Influenza Virus Infection","volume":"146","author":"Teijaro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.14.65","article-title":"The role of macrophages in influenza A virus infection","volume":"9","author":"Nicol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8028725","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8028725","article-title":"The Role of Innate Leukocytes during Influenza Virus Infection","volume":"2019","author":"Lamichhane","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2024.101409","article-title":"Journey of monocytes and macrophages upon influenza A virus infection","volume":"66","author":"Ruscitti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11772-7","article-title":"Induction of proinflammatory cytokines in human macrophages by influenza A (H5N1) viruses: A mechanism for the unusual severity of human disease?","volume":"360","author":"Cheung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1086\/504690","article-title":"Differential Expression of Chemokines and Their Receptors in Adult and Neonatal Macrophages Infected with Human or Avian Influenza Viruses","volume":"194","author":"Zhou","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.08.010","article-title":"Biology of lung macrophages in health and disease","volume":"55","author":"Aegerter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1637","article-title":"A critical function for CD200 in lung immune homeostasis and the severity of influenza infection","volume":"9","author":"Snelgrove","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw413","article-title":"Human Alveolar Macrophages May Not Be Susceptible to Direct Infection by a Human Influenza Virus","volume":"214","author":"Ettensohn","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.4.2448","article-title":"Evidence for Phagocytosis of Influenza Virus-Infected, Apoptotic Cells by Neutrophils and Macrophages in Mice","volume":"178","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.3390\/v1031022","article-title":"Dendritic Cells in Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses against Influenza Virus","volume":"1","author":"Summerfield","year":"2009","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soto, J.A., G\u00e1lvez, N.M.S., Andrade, C.A., Pacheco, G.A., Bohmwald, K., Berrios, R.V., Bueno, S.M., and Kalergis, A.M. (2020). The Role of Dendritic Cells During Infections Caused by Highly Prevalent Viruses. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01513"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moltedo, B., Li, W., Yount, J.S., and Moran, T.M. (2011). Unique Type I Interferon Responses Determine the Functional Fate of Migratory Lung Dendritic Cells during Influenza Virus Infection. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002345"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5306","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900655106","article-title":"TNF\/iNOS-producing dendritic cells are the necessary evil of lethal influenza virus infection","volume":"106","author":"Aldridge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3864","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4864","article-title":"Pathogenic potential of interferon \u03b1\u03b2 in acute influenza infection","volume":"5","author":"Davidson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4440","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902984","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells enhance mortality during lethal influenza infections by eliminating virus-specific CD8 T cells","volume":"184","author":"Langlois","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-6-135","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokine responses induced by influenza A (H5N1) viruses in primary human alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"6","author":"Chan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-10-112","article-title":"Impaired immune responses in the lungs of aged mice following influenza infection","volume":"10","author":"Toapanta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cophys.2020.10.008","article-title":"Spatio-temporal profile of innate inflammatory cells and mediators during influenza virus infection","volume":"19","author":"Latino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R201","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8208","article-title":"Th1 and Th17 hypercytokinemia as early host response signature in severe pandemic influenza","volume":"13","author":"Pumarola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, X., Zhang, X., Zhao, B., Wang, J., Zhu, Z., Teng, Z., Shao, J., Shen, J., Gao, Y., and Yuan, Z. (2011). Intensive cytokine induction in pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infection accompanied by robust production of IL-10 and IL-6. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028680"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1477","article-title":"Fatal outcome of human influenza A (H5N1) is associated with high viral load and hypercytokinemia","volume":"12","author":"Simmons","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5007","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02408-09","article-title":"A detrimental effect of interleukin-10 on protective pulmonary humoral immunity during primary influenza A virus infection","volume":"84","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7353","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900657","article-title":"IL-10 Deficiency Unleashes an Influenza-Specific Th17 Response and Enhances Survival against High-Dose Challenge","volume":"182","author":"McKinstry","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1045","article-title":"Symptom pathogenesis during acute influenza: Interleukin-6 and Other cytokine responses","volume":"64","author":"Kaiser","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.77","article-title":"Epithelial-derived TGF-\u03b21 acts as a pro-viral factor in the lung during influenza A infection","volume":"11","author":"Denney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiller, B.E., Yin, Y., Perng, Y.C., de Araujo Castro, \u00cd., Fox, L.E., Locke, M.C., Monte, K.J., L\u00f3pez, C.B., Ornitz, D.M., and Lenschow, D.J. (2022). Fibroblast growth factor-9 expression in airway epithelial cells amplifies the type I interferon response and alters influenza A virus pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010228"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nwab137","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwab137","article-title":"H7N9 virus infection triggers lethal cytokine storm by activating gasdermin E-mediated pyroptosis of lung alveolar epithelial cells","volume":"9","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117881","article-title":"High avidity IFN-neutralizing antibodies in pharmaceutically prepared human IgG","volume":"95","author":"Ross","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V91.6.2054","article-title":"Antibody to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is a dominant anti-cytokine activity in human IgG preparations","volume":"91","author":"Svenson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120222","article-title":"Anticytokine autoantibody-associated immunodeficiency","volume":"32","author":"Browne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ludwig, R.J., Vanhoorelbeke, K., Leypoldt, F., Kaya, Z., Bieber, K., McLachlan, S.M., Komorowski, L., Luo, J., Cabral-Marques, O., and Hammers, C.M. (2017). Mechanisms of Autoantibody-Induced Pathology. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00603"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arts, R.J.W., Janssen, N.A.F., and van de Veerdonk, F.L. (2023). Anticytokine Autoantibodies in Infectious Diseases: A Practical Overview. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010515"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd4585","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4585","article-title":"Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19","volume":"370","author":"Bastard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-024-01683-z","article-title":"Prevalence of Neutralizing Autoantibodies Against Type I Interferon in a Multicenter Cohort of Severe or Critical COVID-19 Cases in Shanghai","volume":"44","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(83)90015-3","article-title":"Effect of anti-interferon serum of influenza virus infection in mice","volume":"3","author":"Hoshino","year":"1983","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20220514","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20220514","article-title":"Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with critical influenza pneumonia","volume":"219","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e163150","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.163150","article-title":"Autoantibodies are highly prevalent in non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infections and critical illness","volume":"8","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCI Insight"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/5\/694\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:31:01Z","timestamp":1760031061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/5\/694"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["v17050694"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17050694","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]}}}