{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T23:11:30Z","timestamp":1784157090894,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Agricultural Science and Technology Foundation","award":["CX(23)1028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX(23)1028"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Agricultural Science and Technology Foundation","award":["CARS-43-C-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-43-C-1"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Agricultural Science and Technology Foundation","award":["32473046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32473046"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System","award":["CX(23)1028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX(23)1028"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System","award":["CARS-43-C-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-43-C-1"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System","award":["32473046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32473046"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CX(23)1028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX(23)1028"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CARS-43-C-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-43-C-1"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32473046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32473046"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is a very virulent virus of the genus Lagovirus causing severe and fatal hepatitis in the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). RHDV has two distinct genotypes: GI.1 (RHDV) and GI.2 (RHDV2). The first RHDV2\/GI.2 strain was identified as a recombinant virus between a non-pathogenic (GI.3P) and a pathogenic (GI.2) lagovirus, and the recombination is thought to have been a key mechanism in the emergence and evolution of RHDV2. Here, a new variant of RHDV2 was identified affecting domestic rabbits on Chinese farms, with a mortality rate of 70\u201380%. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the nonstructural portion of this newly identified strain\u2019s genome clustered with the GI.1a variants. In contrast, the capsid gene shared the highest nucleotide identity of 97.9% with the North American GI.2 strains, suggesting a possible introduction in China of North American strains and recombination with the GI.1a strains circulating in China. We have produced a recombinant vaccine using the first Chinese GI.2 strain, SC2020\/0401, by cloning the vp60 gene into a baculovirus expression vector. Virus-like particles (VLPs) were then produced in Sf9 insect cells, and a challenge study was performed. Rabbits immunized with the VLP vaccine survived 7 d after being challenged with the new virus. The results indicate that commercial vaccines are urgently required in China to control the circulation of RHDV2 variants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17050710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T06:57:28Z","timestamp":1747378648000},"page":"710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Detection of a New Recombinant Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus 2 in China and Development of Virus-like Particle-Based Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4904-2773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyu","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xizang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi 860000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhua","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China"},{"name":"GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyu","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xizang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi 860000, China"},{"name":"GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Cavadini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xizang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi 860000, China"},{"name":"GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000840","article-title":"Proposal for a unified classification system and nomenclature of lagoviruses","volume":"98","author":"Abrantes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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