{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:33:23Z","timestamp":1790948003245,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"World Bank","award":["ACE-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACE-019"]}]},{"name":"World Bank","award":["ACE-IMPACT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACE-IMPACT"]}]},{"name":"World Bank","award":["ARISE- INV-036304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARISE- INV-036304"]}]},{"name":"World Bank","award":["ACE-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACE-019"]}]},{"name":"World Bank","award":["ACE-IMPACT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACE-IMPACT"]}]},{"name":"World Bank","award":["ARISE- INV-036304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARISE- INV-036304"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation GIISER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ACE-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACE-019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation GIISER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ACE-IMPACT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACE-IMPACT"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation GIISER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ARISE- INV-036304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARISE- INV-036304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID)","award":["ACE-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACE-019"]}]},{"name":"Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID)","award":["ACE-IMPACT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACE-IMPACT"]}]},{"name":"Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID)","award":["ARISE- INV-036304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARISE- INV-036304"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Persistent high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) infection is the leading cause of cervical cancer. With over 200 circulating genotypes, HPV detection, management, and prevention remain challenging. In Benin, HPV prevalence and genotype distribution are largely unknown, and no national HPV vaccination program exists. This study investigates the prevalence, genotypic diversity, and risk factors of HIV\u2013HPV co-infection among women in Cotonou, Benin. Cervical swabs were collected from 100 women living with HIV (WLWHIV) and 51 women without HIV (WWHIV) at two hospitals. DNA extraction and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to detect HPV, followed by Sanger sequencing for genotyping. Chi-squared analysis was used to assess risk factors. HPV was detected in 85% (85\/100) of WLWHIV and 60.8% (31\/51) of WWHIV (p = 0.002), confirming HIV as an independent risk factor. Fifteen HR-HPV genotypes were identified, with HPV 45 most prevalent in WLWHIV and HPV 16 in WWHIV. Notably, HR-HPV 67, 70, and 82 were detected for the first time in Benin. Unmarried status and detectable HIV load were significant risk factors for co-infection. The high HPV prevalence, particularly among WLWHIV, underscores the urgent need for HPV surveillance and vaccination in Benin. Identifying novel HR-HPV genotypes highlights the necessity for ongoing monitoring and targeted prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17050714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T06:57:28Z","timestamp":1747378648000},"page":"714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["HIV\u2013HPV Co-Infection and Identification of Novel High-Risk HPV Among Women at Two Hospital Centers in Cotonou, Republic of Benin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Cl\u00e9mence D.","family":"Gouton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer\u2019s University Nigeria, Ede PMB 230, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer\u2019s University, Ede PMB 230, Nigeria"},{"name":"Laboratory of Histology-Reproductive Biology, Cytogenetics and Medical Genetics, Human Biology Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Abomey-Calavi University, Cotonou 01 BP 188, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8263-9064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ifeoluwa O.","family":"Bejide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer\u2019s University Nigeria, Ede PMB 230, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer\u2019s University, Ede PMB 230, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oludayo O.","family":"Ope-ewe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer\u2019s University Nigeria, Ede PMB 230, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Adjagba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Histology-Reproductive Biology, Cytogenetics and Medical Genetics, Human Biology Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Abomey-Calavi University, Cotonou 01 BP 188, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Azonbakin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Histology-Reproductive Biology, Cytogenetics and Medical Genetics, Human Biology Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Abomey-Calavi University, Cotonou 01 BP 188, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaonyadiwe","family":"Muzanywa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer\u2019s University Nigeria, Ede PMB 230, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence T.","family":"Akinyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer\u2019s University Nigeria, Ede PMB 230, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Agbanlinsou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Histology-Reproductive Biology, Cytogenetics and Medical Genetics, Human Biology Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Abomey-Calavi University, Cotonou 01 BP 188, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanique","family":"Goussanou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Histology-Reproductive Biology, Cytogenetics and Medical Genetics, Human Biology Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Abomey-Calavi University, Cotonou 01 BP 188, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7283-2920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Onikepe","family":"Folarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer\u2019s University Nigeria, Ede PMB 230, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer\u2019s University, Ede PMB 230, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anatole","family":"Laleye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Histology-Reproductive Biology, Cytogenetics and Medical Genetics, Human Biology Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Abomey-Calavi University, Cotonou 01 BP 188, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3056-6705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian T.","family":"Happi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer\u2019s University Nigeria, Ede PMB 230, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer\u2019s University, Ede PMB 230, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6347-1593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chinedu A.","family":"Ugwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer\u2019s University Nigeria, Ede PMB 230, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer\u2019s University, Ede PMB 230, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milano, G., Guarducci, G., Nante, N., Montomoli, E., and Manini, I. (2023). Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202304.0542.v1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, Y., Shao, H., Zhang, T., Pu, J., and Tang, C. (2022). Factors Influencing Men\u2019s Attitudes toward HPV Vaccination in Males Included in the Chinese National Immunization Program. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10071054"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70158-5","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence and genotype distribution of cervical human papillomavirus DNA in women with normal cytology: A meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Diaz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13573","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1714712114","article-title":"Recurring infection with ecologically distinct HPV types can explain high prevalence and diversity","volume":"114","author":"Ranjeva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-269","article-title":"Oncogenic potential of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and its relation with cervical cancer","volume":"8","author":"Faridi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska, B., and Rudnicka, L. (2024). HPV Infections\u2014Classification, Pathogenesis, and Potential New Therapies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147616"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, S., Ismail, A., Pappas-Gogos, G., and Boussios, S. (2023). HPV and Cervical Cancer: A Review of Epidemiology and Screening Uptake in the UK. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020298"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0351456","article-title":"HPV: From infection to cancer","volume":"35","author":"Stanley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.035352-0","article-title":"Disruption of repressive p130\u2013DREAM complexes by human papillomavirus 16 E6\/E7 oncoproteins is required for cell-cycle progression in cervical cancer cells","volume":"92","author":"Yusof","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niebler, M., Qian, X., Hofler, D., Kogosov, V., Kaewprag, J., Kaufmann, A.M., Ly, R., B\u00f6hmer, G., Zawatzky, R., and R\u00f6sl, F. (2013). Post-Translational Control of IL-1b via the Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E6 Oncoprotein: A Novel Mechanism of Innate Immune Escape Mediated by the E3-Ubiquitin Ligase E6-AP and p53. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003536"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70190-0","article-title":"Factors affecting transmission of mucosal human papillomavirus","volume":"10","author":"Veldhuijzen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.10.013","article-title":"Rates and determinants of incidence and clearance of cervical HPV genotypes among HIV-seropositive women in Pune, India","volume":"88","author":"Mane","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"JGO.17.00129","DOI":"10.1200\/JGO.17.00129","article-title":"Clearance of Type-Specific, Low-Risk, and High-Risk Cervical Human Papillomavirus Infections in HIV-Negative and HIV-Positive Women","volume":"4","author":"Adebamowo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Glob. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seyoum, A., Assefa, N., Gure, T., Seyoum, B., Mulu, A., and Mihret, A. (2022). Prevalence and Genotype Distribution of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection Among Sub-Saharan African Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.890880"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-016-0090-9","article-title":"Diversity of high risk human papilloma viruses in women treated with antiretroviral and in healthy controls and discordance with cervical dysplasia in the South of Benin","volume":"11","author":"Aguida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Agent. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-514","article-title":"Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in women in Benin, West Africa","volume":"8","author":"Piras","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001765","article-title":"HIV-positive women have higher risk of human papilloma virus infection, precancerous lesions, and cervical cancer","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.485","article-title":"Optimal management of cervical cancer in HIV-positive patients: A systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Ntekim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, April 30). Human Papillomavirus Vaccines: WHO Position Paper, December 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/who-wer9750-645-672."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.05.001","article-title":"From the monovalent to the nine-valent HPV vaccine","volume":"21","author":"Pils","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Illah, O., and Olaitan, A. (2023). Updates on HPV Vaccination. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13020243"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"9","article-title":"Practical Issues in Calculating the Sample Size for Prevalence Studies","volume":"1","author":"Naing","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Orofac. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.2214","article-title":"Detection and genotyping of human papillomavirus DNA by SPF10 and MY09\/11 primers in cervical cells taken from women attending a colposcopy clinic","volume":"67","author":"Perrons","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9545","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000009545","article-title":"Detection and genotyping of human papillomavirus (HPV) in HIV-infected women and its relationship with HPV\/HIV co-infection","volume":"97","author":"Badial","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbx108","article-title":"MAFFT online service: Multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization","volume":"20","author":"Katoh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Shahrestani, K.R., Ideris, A., Hair-bejo, M., Tan, S.W., Yeap, S.K., Pirozyan, M.R., Jazayeri, S.D., and Omar, A. (2013, January 30). Molecular characterisation and pathotyping of recently isolated newcastle disease virus isolates based on f protein\u2019s cleavage site. In Proceeding of the World\u2019s Poultry Science Association Scientific Conference 2013, Serdang, Malaysia."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","article-title":"MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11","volume":"38","author":"Tamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nei, M., and Kumar, S. (2000). Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195135848.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.2307\/2408678","article-title":"Confidence Limits on Phylogenies: An Approach Using the Bootstrap","volume":"39","author":"Felsenstein","year":"1985","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.07.018","article-title":"Human papillomavirus genome variants","volume":"445","author":"Burk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.178614","article-title":"Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection & cervical abnormalities in HIV-positive women in eastern India","volume":"143","author":"Chakravarty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tartaglia, E., Falasca, K., Vecchiet, J., Sabusco, G.P., Picciano, G., Di Marco, R., and Ucciferri, C. (2017). Prevalence of HPV infection among HIV-positive and HIV-negative women in Central\/Eastern Italy: Strategies of prevention. Oncol. Lett., Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2017.7140"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agyare Gyane, F., Modey, E., Maya, E., Bonney, E.Y., Abaidoo-Myles, A., Paintsil, E., and Torpey, K. (2024). Prevalence and risk factors associated with high-risk human papillomavirus infection among women living with HIV (WLWH) at a tertiary health facility in Accra, Ghana. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303535"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.47430\/ujmr.2491.016","article-title":"Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Infection and its Association with the Risk of Cervical Cancer among Hiv-Positive Women in Plateau State, North-Central Nigeria","volume":"9","author":"Abubakar","year":"2024","journal-title":"UMYU J. Microbiol. Res. UJMR"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdi, M., Tamiru, A., Tilahun, T., Tiruneh, G., and Fite, M.B. (2024). Factors associated with human papillomavirus infections among women living with HIV in public health facilities in Western Oromia, Ethiopia. BMC Women\u2019s Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-024-03249-y"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mcharo, R., Lennemann, T., France, J., Torres, L., Gar\u00ed, M., Mbuya, W., Mwalongo, W., Mahenge, A., Bauer, A., and Mnkai, J. (2021). HPV Type Distribution in HIV Positive and Negative Women With or Without Cervical Dysplasia or Cancer in East Africa. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.763717"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10876","article-title":"Prevalence of specific types of human papillomavirus and cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in consecutive, previously unscreened, West-African women over 35 years of age","volume":"103","author":"Xi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021039","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2021039","article-title":"Prevalence of high-risk HPV genotypes in sub-Saharan Africa according to HIV status: A 20-year systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Okoye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106399","article-title":"HPV vaccination introduction worldwide and WHO and UNICEF estimates of national HPV immunization coverage 2010\u20132019","volume":"144","author":"Bruni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2300088","DOI":"10.1200\/GO.23.00088","article-title":"Spotlight on Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Coverage: Is Nigeria Making Any Progress?","volume":"9","author":"Okolie","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCO Glob. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e318287d329","article-title":"2012 Updated Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Tests and Cancer Precursors","volume":"17","author":"Massad","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Low. Genit. Tract Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.11.015","article-title":"Triage of HPV positive women in cervical cancer screening","volume":"76","author":"Wentzensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"206","article-title":"High-risk Human Papillomavirus Infection and Associated Factors among HIV-positive Women in High HIV-burden Areas of China","volume":"33","author":"Ping","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000512","article-title":"Combination antiretroviral therapy reduces the detection risk of cervical human papilloma virus infection in women living with HIV","volume":"29","author":"Zeier","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21887","article-title":"Predictors of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in Italian women","volume":"82","author":"Cercato","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24851","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24851","article-title":"Prevalence of HPV types in HIV-positive and negative females with normal cervical cytology or dysplasia","volume":"37","author":"Aziz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1086\/314754","article-title":"Association of Human Papillomavirus Infection and Disease with Magnitude of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) RNA Plasma Level among Women with HIV-1 Infection","volume":"179","author":"Luque","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji073","article-title":"Natural History and Possible Reactivation of Human Papillomavirus in Human Immunodeficiency Virus\u2013Positive Women","volume":"97","author":"Strickler","year":"2005","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit090","article-title":"Sustained Viral Suppression and Higher CD4+ T-Cell Count Reduces the Risk of Persistent Cervical High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection in HIV-Positive Women","volume":"207","author":"Konopnicki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-023-02106-y","article-title":"Human papillomavirus spectrum of HPV-infected women in Nigeria: An analysis by next-generation sequencing and type-specific PCR","volume":"20","author":"Ajang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Menzo, S., Trozzi, C., and Clementi, M.M. (2025, April 30). Human Papillomavirus Type 67 L1 Gene, Partial, Isolate han 1464, Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/nuccore\/Y12207.1."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.11648\/j.jgo.20200804.16","article-title":"Prevalence of Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus Genotypes Among Sexually Active Women in Parakou (Benin, West Africa)","volume":"8","author":"Gandekon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28425","article-title":"Human papillomavirus prevalence and type distribution in invasive cervical cancer in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"134","author":"Denny","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61248-4","article-title":"Efficacy of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16\/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against cervical infection and precancer caused by oncogenic HPV types (PATRICIA): Final analysis of a double-blind, randomised study in young women","volume":"374","author":"Paavonen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1086\/597307","article-title":"The Impact of Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus (HPV; Types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 Virus-Like Particle Vaccine on Infection and Disease Due to Oncogenic Nonvaccine HPV Types in Generally HPV-Naive Women Aged 16\u201326 Years","volume":"199","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-022-01138-6","article-title":"Cost-Effectiveness of Bivalent, Quadrivalent, and Nonavalent HPV Vaccination in South Africa","volume":"42","author":"Michaeli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/5\/714\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:33:53Z","timestamp":1760031233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/5\/714"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["v17050714"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17050714","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]}}}