{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:16:55Z","timestamp":1760059015557,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y T\u00e9cnica, Argentina","award":["PICT-2021-GRF-TI-00808","PICT-2021-I-INVI-00739","2022 EXP-2159\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT-2021-GRF-TI-00808","PICT-2021-I-INVI-00739","2022 EXP-2159\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Subsidios de Investigaci\u00f3n Bianuales (SIB)","award":["PICT-2021-GRF-TI-00808","PICT-2021-I-INVI-00739","2022 EXP-2159\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT-2021-GRF-TI-00808","PICT-2021-I-INVI-00739","2022 EXP-2159\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Yellow fever is a viral disease with historical importance since epidemics caused thousands of deaths at the end of the 19th century in Argentina. That event was associated with the presence of Aedes aegypti. After the mosquito eradication in South America in the 1960\u20131970 decade, no epidemic was detected related to this species but epizootics have occurred due to sylvatic vectors belonging to Haemagogus and Sabethes genera. Due to the recolonization of Ae. aegypti and its expanded distribution, the risk of the urbanization of yellow fever has increased over time. However, the reasons why the urban cycle of the yellow fever virus (YFV) has not occurred in South America so far are unknown. We explore the vector competence of Ae. aegypti for YFV transmission. The mosquitos evaluated belonged to colonies from center and northwest cities from Argentina, taking into account the particular genetic features of this mosquito species detected in this country from 2016. We used a viral strain originally isolated in 2009 from Sabethes albiprivus in the country. Viral infection in mosquito body, legs, and saliva was evaluated to estimate the rates of infection, dissemination, and transmission. Our results indicate that both mosquito colonies are competent vectors in the transmission of the YFV but with differences between them. Regarding the infection timeline, we observed a very early infection in the La Plata colony at 3 DPI in contrast to previous studies. This research improves our understanding of the risks of urban YFV transmission in Argentina, highlighting the need for surveillance and specialized vector control strategies in urban settings to prevent yellow fever outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17050718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T09:30:38Z","timestamp":1747387838000},"page":"718","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing Urban Yellow Fever Transmission Risk: Aedes aegypti Vector Competence in Argentina"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Estefan\u00eda R.","family":"Boaglio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas (INEVH-ANLIS) \u201cDr. Julio I. Maiztegui\u201d, Pergamino 2700, Argentina"},{"name":"Centro de Bioinvestigaciones (CeBio) y Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Transferencia del Noroeste de Buenos Aires (CITNOBA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pergamino 2700, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5442-404X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelina","family":"Muttis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios Parasitol\u00f3gicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE-CCT La Plata-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariel","family":"Feroci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas (INEVH-ANLIS) \u201cDr. Julio I. Maiztegui\u201d, Pergamino 2700, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cintia","family":"Fabbri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas (INEVH-ANLIS) \u201cDr. Julio I. Maiztegui\u201d, Pergamino 2700, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graciela","family":"Minardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios Parasitol\u00f3gicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE-CCT La Plata-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4366-9073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Bioinvestigaciones (CeBio) y Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Transferencia del Noroeste de Buenos Aires (CITNOBA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pergamino 2700, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0616-2214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda V.","family":"Micieli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios Parasitol\u00f3gicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE-CCT La Plata-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvina","family":"Goenaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas (INEVH-ANLIS) \u201cDr. Julio I. Maiztegui\u201d, Pergamino 2700, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-022-00552-3","article-title":"Yellow fever resurgence: An avoidable crisis?","volume":"7","author":"Lindsey","year":"2022","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000672","article-title":"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Flaviviridae","volume":"98","author":"Simmonds","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryant, J.E., Holmes, E.C., and Barrett, A.D. (2007). Out of Africa: A molecular perspective on the introduction of yellow fever virus into the Americas. PLoS Pathog., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030075"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.03.008","article-title":"Fever versus fever: The role of host and vector susceptibility and interspecific competition in shaping the current and future distributions of the sylvatic cycles of dengue virus and yellow fever virus","volume":"19","author":"Hanley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuno, G., Mackenzie, J.S., Junglen, S., Hub\u00e1lek, Z., Plyusnin, A., and Gubler, D.J. (2017). Vertebrate Reservoirs of Arboviruses: Myth, Synonym of Amplifier, or Reality?. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9070185"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"7","article-title":"Impresiones profundas, Una mirada sobre la epidemia de fiebre amarilla en Buenos Aires","volume":"6","author":"Maglioni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Poblaci\u00f3n De Buenos Aires"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"e180278","article-title":"Yellow fever outbreak in Brazil: The puzzle of rapid viral spread and challenges for immunisation","volume":"113","author":"Possas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2009). Dengue: Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadg9204","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adg9204","article-title":"Genomic epidemiology unveils the dynamics and spatial corridor behind the Yellow Fever virus outbreak in Southern Brazil","volume":"9","author":"Giovanetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunha, M.S., da Costa, A.C., de Azevedo Fernandes, N.C.C., Guerra, J.M., Dos Santos, F.C.P., Nogueira, J.S., D\u2019Agostino, L.G., Komninakis, S.V., Witkin, S.S., and Ressio, R.A. (2019). Epizootics due to Yellow Fever Virus in S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil: Viral dissemination to new areas (2016\u20132017). Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41950-3"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abreu, F.V.S., Ferreira-de-Brito, A., Azevedo, A.S., Linhares, J.H.R., de Oliveira Santos, V., Hime Miranda, E., Neves, M.S.A.S., Yousfi, L., Ribeiro, I.P., and Santos, A.A.C.D. (2020). Survey on Non-Human Primates and Mosquitoes Does not Provide Evidences of Spillover\/Spillback between the Urban and Sylvatic Cycles of Yellow Fever and Zika Viruses Following Severe Outbreaks in Southeast Brazil. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12040364"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3966-x","article-title":"Yellow fever epizootics in non-human primates, Southeast and Northeast Brazil (2017 and 2018)","volume":"13","author":"Horta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrade, M.S., Campos, F.S., Campos, A.A.S., Abreu, F.V.S., Melo, F.L., Sev\u00e1, A.D.P., Cardoso, J.D.C., Dos Santos, E., Born, L.C., and Silva, C.M.D.D. (2021). Real-Time Genomic Surveillance during the 2021 Re-Emergence of the Yellow Fever Virus in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.07.16.452727"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20796","article-title":"Impact of yellow fever outbreaks on two howler monkey species (Alouattaguariba clamitans and A. caraya) in Misiones, Argentina","volume":"72","author":"Holzmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0730","article-title":"Isolation of yellow fever virus from mosquitoes in Misiones province, Argentina","volume":"12","author":"Goenaga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2024, September 25). Organizaci\u00f3n Panamericana de la Salud, Perfil Nacional de Fiebre Amarilla, Argentina. Available online: https:\/\/iris.paho.org\/handle\/10665.2\/56903."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Couto-Lima, D., Madec, Y., Bersot, M.I., Campos, S.S., Motta, M.A., Santos, F.B.D., Vazeille, M., Vasconcelos, P.F.D.C., Louren\u00e7o-de-Oliveira, R., and Failloux, A.B. (2017). Potential risk of re-emergence of urban transmission of Yellow Fever virus in Brazil facilitated by competent Aedes populations. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05186-3"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)00006-3","article-title":"Aedes aegypti in Brazil: Genetically differentiated populations with high susceptibility to dengue and yellow fever viruses","volume":"98","author":"Vazeille","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90326-3","article-title":"Vector competence of Brazilian Aedes aegypti and Ae, albopictus for a Brazilian yellow fever virus isolate","volume":"96","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab066","article-title":"Brazilian Aedes aegypti as a Competent Vector for Multiple Complex Arboviral Coinfections","volume":"224","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonica, M.B., Goenaga, S., Martin, M.L., Feroci, M., Luppo, V., Muttis, E., Fabbri, C., Morales, M.A., Enria, D., and Micieli, M.V. (2019). Vector competence of Aedes aegypti for different strains of Zika virus in Argentina. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007433"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5801","DOI":"10.3390\/v7112911","article-title":"Potential for Co-Infection of a Mosquito-Specific Flavivirus, Nhumirim Virus, to Block West Nile Virus Transmission in Mosquitoes","volume":"7","author":"Goenaga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4054","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01799-12","article-title":"Advanced yellow fever virus genome detection in point-of-care facilities and reference laboratories","volume":"50","author":"Domingo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15D-2","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471729259.mc15d02s27","article-title":"Dengue virus: Isolation, propagation, quantification, and storage","volume":"27","author":"Medina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faraway, J. (2016). Extending the Linear Model with R\u2014Generalized Linear, Mixed Effects and Nonparametric Regression Models, CRC Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315382722"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"R Core Team (2023). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Lenth, R. (2024, September 25). emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means, R Package Version 1.8.6. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=emmeans."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2010.00083.x","article-title":"Bionomics of Aedes aegypti subpopulations (Diptera: Culicidae) from Argentina","volume":"35","author":"Grech","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102012005000007","article-title":"New records of mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) from Neuqu\u00e9n and La Rioja provinces, Argentina","volume":"46","author":"Grech","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0097","article-title":"Differential effects of temperature and mosquito genetics determine transmissibility of arboviruses by Aedes aegypti in Argentina","volume":"99","author":"Ciota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cansado-Utrilla, C., Zhao, S.Y., McCall, P.J., Coon, K.L., and Hughes, G.L. (2021). The microbiome and mosquito vectorial capacity: Rich potential for discovery and translation. Microbiome, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01073-2"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5806","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13877","article-title":"Mosquitoes host communities of bacteria that are essential for development but vary greatly between local habitats","volume":"25","author":"Coon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1354","article-title":"Lack of evidence for natural Wolbachia infections in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"55","author":"Chiodo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Gao, J., Ma, Z., Liu, Y., Wang, G., Liu, Q., and Zhao, T. (2022). Wolbachia infection in field-collected Aedes aegypti in Yunnan Province, southwestern China. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1082809"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.11.009","article-title":"Aedes aegypti vector competence studies: A review, Infection, genetics and evolution","volume":"67","author":"Powell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0061","article-title":"Vector competence of Australian mosquitoes for yellow fever virus","volume":"85","author":"McElroy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90417-7","article-title":"Laboratory vector competence experiments with yellow fever virus and five South African mosquito species including Aedes aegypti","volume":"96","author":"Jupp","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.1219","article-title":"Oral infection of Aedes aegypti with yellow fever virus: Geographic variation and genetic considerations","volume":"34","author":"Tabachnick","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.02.003","article-title":"Collective Infectious Units in Viruses","volume":"25","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05198-7","article-title":"Saliva collection via capillary method may underestimate arboviral transmission by mosquitoes","volume":"15","author":"Brackney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/5\/718\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:34:01Z","timestamp":1760031241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/5\/718"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["v17050718"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17050718","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4915"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]}}}