{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T10:02:38Z","timestamp":1791453758611,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["442106\/2023-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["442106\/2023-8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The discovery that the Oropouche virus (OROV) can be transmitted vertically from an infected pregnant mother to the fetus, resulting in fetal and placental OROV infection, miscarriage, stillbirth, and congenital malformations including microcephaly, has emphasized its public health significance. Because of the importance of breastfeeding in those areas affected by the Oropouche fever outbreak, public health agencies have continued to encourage nursing among mothers who have had OROV infection or who reside or travel in endemic regions. However, the basis for this recommendation has not been stated. At the present time, there have been no reports of the OROV being transmitted from mothers having had Oropouche fever during pregnancy to their infants through breast milk. To further evaluate the potential risk of OROV transmission through breastfeeding, we have examined the peer-reviewed literature to determine if related Orthobunyavirus species infecting humans and animals are transmissible via breast milk. Bibliographic search engines, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, were extensively reviewed using keywords, MeSH terms, and other sources cited in the articles examined. Studies investigating Orthobunyavirus species that infect humans and animals, including reassortant strains of OROV and viruses within the Simbu serogroup, were reviewed. We found that there have been no reported events of vertical transmission of any Orthobunyavirus through breast milk. Based on these results, we believe that the advantages of breastfeeding following maternal OROV infection outweigh any negligible risk for vertical transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17060738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T04:32:37Z","timestamp":1747888357000},"page":"738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Oropouche Virus (OROV) and Breastfeeding Safety: Analysis of Related Orthobunyaviruses for Mother-Infant Vertical Transmission in Breast Milk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7486-8545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal Pathology Consulting, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0182-7969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Creuza Rachel","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Collective Health, Universidade Federal do Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29047-105, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7182-2998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mija","family":"Ververs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Humanitarian Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz, D.A., Dashraath, P., and Baud, D. (2024). Oropouche virus (OROV) in pregnancy: An emerging cause of placental and fetal infection associated with stillbirth and microcephaly following vertical transmission. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16091435"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"002027","article-title":"Oropouche virus: An emerging orthobunyavirus","volume":"105","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Herriman, R. (2025, April 14). Brazil Oropouche cases top 7000 in 2025. Outbreak News Today, Available online: https:\/\/outbreaknewstoday.substack.com\/p\/brazil-oropouche-cases-top-7000-in."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization\/World Health Organization (2025, March 19). Epidemiological Alert: Oropouche in the Region of the Americas: Vertical Transmission Event Under Investigation in Brazil\u201317 July 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.paho.org\/en\/documents\/epidemiological-alert-oropouche-region-americas-vertical-transmission-event-under."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz, D.A. (2025). Novel reassortants of Oropouche virus (OROV) are causing maternal-fetal infection during pregnancy, stillbirth, congenital microcephaly and malformation syndromes. Genes, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16010087"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, B.d.F.R., Barreto, A.R.F., Pessoa, A., Azevedo, R.d.S.d.S., Rodrigues, F.d.F., Borges, B.d.C.B., Mantilla, N.P.M., Muniz, D.D., Chiang, J.O., and Fraga, L.R. (2025). Congenital Oropouche in humans: Clinical characterization of a possible new teratogenic syndrome. Viruses, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/v17030397"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz, D.A., Baud, D., and Dashraath, P. (2025). 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