{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T06:29:54Z","timestamp":1783924194792,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Budget of the Russian Federation allocated for the implementation of the Polio Eradication Programme in the Russian Federation"},{"name":"the WHO Polio Eradication Program"},{"name":"WHO Regional Office for Europe"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The detection of \u201csilent\u201d poliovirus (PV) circulation among clinically healthy populations is an important component of supplementary surveillance for poliomyelitis. Migrants from countries or regions where polio is endemic, affected by outbreaks, or at risk may contribute to the introduction of PVs of epidemic significance: wild poliovirus type 1, vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs), or poliovirus type 2 into polio-free countries. Migrant children, refugees under 5 years of age, are considered a \u201crisk group\u201d in Russia and are subject to testing for PVs. During 2014\u20132023, guided by the algorithm of virological and molecular investigation of acute flaccid paralysis cases recommended by the WHO, 51,548 migrant children, arriving from 40 countries, were examined. Among 4% of children excreting various cytopathogenic viruses, polio excretors accounted for 20.8%. Among the PVs, PV3 was predominant (41.7%), and PV types 2, 1, and a mixture of PVs accounted for, respectively, 28.2%, 18.8%, and 11.3%. All isolates of PVs 1 and 3 were identified as Sabin-like. The detection of five children excreting epidemically significant PV2 (four VDPV2 and one Sabin-like) required an assessment of the risk of dissemination and additional immunization activities. Among 580 identified isolates of NPEV, the most abundant was the E.\u00a0betacoxsakie species at 73.8% (CVB1\u20136, E11, E6, E13, E7). Information on NPEVs expands our knowledge of the spectrum of NPEVs circulating among healthy children worldwide, but its prognostic significance is still unclear. The detection of PVs in children from the \u201crisk group\u201d allows targeted anti-epidemic measures and is a significant advantage of this type of supplementary surveillance for polio.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17060746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T12:24:18Z","timestamp":1748003058000},"page":"746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Supplementary Surveillance of Poliovirus Circulation in the Russian Federation: Results of a Study on Migrant Children of \u201cRisk Group\u201d"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1784-4827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga E.","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution \u201cChumakov Federal Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d (Institute of Poliomyelitis) (FSASI \u201cChumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS\u201d), 108819 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Organization and Technology of Production of Immunobiological Preparations, Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulia M.","family":"Mikhailova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Budgetary Health Institution \u201cFederal Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology\u201d of the Federal Office for Inspectorate in the Field of Customers and Human Well-Being Protection, 117105 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadezhda S.","family":"Morozova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Budgetary Health Institution \u201cFederal Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology\u201d of the Federal Office for Inspectorate in the Field of Customers and Human Well-Being Protection, 117105 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina V.","family":"Chirova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Budgetary Health Institution \u201cFederal Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology\u201d of the Federal Office for Inspectorate in the Field of Customers and Human Well-Being Protection, 117105 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeniya A.","family":"Cherepanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Budgetary Health Institution \u201cFederal Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology\u201d of the Federal Office for Inspectorate in the Field of Customers and Human Well-Being Protection, 117105 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8064-4476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyudmila N.","family":"Golitsyna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga Y.","family":"Baikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution \u201cChumakov Federal Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d (Institute of Poliomyelitis) (FSASI \u201cChumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS\u201d), 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizaveta V.","family":"Yakovchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution \u201cChumakov Federal Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d (Institute of Poliomyelitis) (FSASI \u201cChumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS\u201d), 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1153-0958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgenia V.","family":"Karpova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution \u201cChumakov Federal Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d (Institute of Poliomyelitis) (FSASI \u201cChumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS\u201d), 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3029-1035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liubov I.","family":"Kozlovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution \u201cChumakov Federal Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d (Institute of Poliomyelitis) (FSASI \u201cChumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS\u201d), 108819 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Organization and Technology of Production of Immunobiological Preparations, Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Plotkin, S.A., Orenstein, W.A., and Offit, P.A. 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