{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:18:39Z","timestamp":1760059119213,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health","award":["P30MH062512","R24MH129166","R01MH125720","R01MH095621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30MH062512","R24MH129166","R01MH125720","R01MH095621"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antiretroviral therapy (ART) drugs vary in their distribution into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which can be estimated using the central nervous system (CNS) penetration effectiveness (CPE) score. Although higher CPE has been associated with lower CSF HIV RNA levels, its relationship to CSF inflammation is less clear. We investigated associations between CPE and three CSF immune biomarkers (CXCL10, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-6) in 275 virally suppressed people with HIV (PWH) on three-drug ART regimens using a training\u2013validation design. Participants were randomized into training (TG, n = 144) and validation (VG, n = 131) groups with similar demographics, ART characteristics, and CPE scores. The CSF levels of the biomarkers were quantified by bead suspension array-based immunoassays. In both groups, higher CPE correlated with lower levels of CXCL10 (TG: r = \u22120.31, p &lt; 0.001; VG: r = \u22120.30, p &lt; 0.001) and TNF-\u03b1 (TG: r = \u22120.19, p = 0.04; VG: r = \u22120.18, p = 0.03), with remarkably similar effect size. CPE did not correlate with IL-6 in either group. Multivariable models confirmed the associations between higher CPE and both lower CXCL10 (R2 = 0.16, p &lt; 0.001) and TNF-\u03b1 (R2 = 0.07, p = 0.02) in CSF, and supported the relative resistance of IL-6 to ART effects. During suppressive ART, regimens that achieve higher concentrations in the CNS may better reduce some indicators of CSF inflammation (CXCL10 and TNF-\u03b1, closely related to the interferon pathway), but they may not fully normalize the neuroimmune environment (IL-6). Distinct ART regimens may produce different neuroimmune signatures, potentially contributing to heterogeneous patterns of brain injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17060749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T12:24:18Z","timestamp":1748003058000},"page":"749","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Relationship Between Estimated Drug Distribution of Antiretroviral Therapy and Immune Proteins in Cerebrospinal Fluid During Chronic HIV Suppression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mattia","family":"Trunfio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University of California, 220 Dickinson St., San Diego, CA 92103, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Iudicello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University of California, 220 Dickinson St., San Diego, CA 92103, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia K.","family":"Riggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University of California, 220 Dickinson St., San Diego, CA 92103, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6483-523X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asha R.","family":"Kallianpur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomic Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"Hulgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4931-752X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald J.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University of California, 220 Dickinson St., San Diego, CA 92103, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott L.","family":"Letendre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University of California, 220 Dickinson St., San Diego, CA 92103, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2007.31","article-title":"Validation of the CNS Penetration-Effectiveness Rank for Quantifying Antiretroviral Penetration Into the Central Nervous System","volume":"65","author":"Letendre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. 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