{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T20:38:38Z","timestamp":1782160718969,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency","award":["6331-301-210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6331-301-210"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we investigated the proportion of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) mutations and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 subtypes among 487 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-na\u00efve individuals in South Korea from 2021 to 2024 to inform more effective treatment strategies. Consistent with previous reports, subtype B was most prevalent among HIV-1 subtypes at 50.7%; however, its proportion decreased annually (p = 0.047). Various subtypes of circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) were analyzed in this study, resulting in high genetic diversity. The subtype distributions of Korean and non-Korean patients differed, with subtype B (53.7%) and CRF01_AE (34.4%) being dominant in the former and latter, respectively. TDR across antiretroviral drug classes was approximately 3.5% in South Korea. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors elicited the greatest drug resistance, which increased from 2021 to 2023, with a slight decrease in 2024. The integrase strand transfer inhibitor drugs, elvitegravir and raltegravir, most frequently exhibited high resistance scores. We provide a comprehensive overview of the HIV-1 genetic distribution and TDR patterns in South Korea from 2021 to 2024. Within the broader context of HIV-1 epidemiology in Asia and the Pacific, the findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the global distribution of HIV-1 resistance and genotypes, enabling the development of effective interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17060832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T08:22:34Z","timestamp":1749457354000},"page":"832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["HIV-1 Genetic Diversity and Transmitted Drug Resistance Mutations in ART-Na\u00efve Individuals in South Korea from 2021 to 2024"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4475-9527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gayeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, Department of Laboratory Diagnosis and Analysis, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si 28159, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5203-2125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun Ji","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, Department of Laboratory Diagnosis and Analysis, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si 28159, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2025-5652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-Seong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, Department of Laboratory Diagnosis and Analysis, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si 28159, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seolhui","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, Department of Laboratory Diagnosis and Analysis, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si 28159, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2908-6437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heui Man","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, Department of Laboratory Diagnosis and Analysis, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si 28159, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myung-Guk","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, Department of Laboratory Diagnosis and Analysis, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si 28159, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2061-6121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Sook","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, Department of Laboratory Diagnosis and Analysis, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si 28159, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (2025, January 15). 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