{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:16:37Z","timestamp":1793394997915,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union NextGenerationEU project supported by the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Croatia","award":["NPOO 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPOO 1"]}]},{"name":"European Union NextGenerationEU project supported by the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Croatia","award":["653316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["653316"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","award":["NPOO 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPOO 1"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","award":["653316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["653316"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuroinvasive arboviruses such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV), and Toscana virus (TOSV) have (re-)emerged with increasing incidence and geographic range. We analyzed the epidemiology of arboviral infections in Croatia during the 2024 transmission season. A total of 154 patients with neuroinvasive diseases (NID), 1596 horses, 69 dead birds, and 7726 mosquitoes were tested. Viral RNA was detected using RT-qPCR. IgM\/IgG-specific antibodies were detected using commercial ELISA or IFA, with confirmation of cross-reactive samples by virus neutralization test. RT-qPCR-positive samples were Sanger sequenced. Arboviral etiology was confirmed in 33\/21.42% of patients with NID. WNV was most frequently detected (17\/11.03%), followed by TBEV (10\/6.49%), USUV (5\/3.24%), and TOSV (1\/0.64%). WNV infections were reported in regions previously known as endemic, while in one continental county, WNV was recorded for the first time. USUV infections re-emerged after a six-year absence. In addition to human cases, acute WNV infections were recorded in 11\/395 (2.78%) of horses and two dead crows. WNV IgG seropositivity was detected in 276\/1168 (23.63%) and TBEV IgG seropositivity in 68\/428 (15.88%) horses. None of the tested mosquito pools were positive for WNV and USUV RNA. Phylogenetic analysis showed the circulation of WNV lineage 2 and Usutu Europe 2 lineage. Climate conditions in 2024 in Croatia were classified as extremely warm, which could, at least in part, impact the quite intense arboviral season. The spreading of flaviviruses in Croatia highlights the need for continuous surveillance in humans, animals, and vectors (\u201cOne Health\u201d).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17060846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T03:53:12Z","timestamp":1749786792000},"page":"846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Re-Emergence of Usutu Virus and Spreading of West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Infections During the 2024 Transmission Season in Croatia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1877-5547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatjana","family":"Vilibi\u0107-\u010cavlek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5170-947X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ljubo","family":"Barbi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3464-6830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Klobu\u010dar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Andrija \u0160tampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9532-1111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Vucelja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Bogdani\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8283-6065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Sabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Hospital Center Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Kutle\u0161a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Neuroinfectology, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases \u201cDr. Fran Mihaljevi\u0107\u201d, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Branimir","family":"Gjura\u0161in","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Neuroinfectology, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases \u201cDr. Fran Mihaljevi\u0107\u201d, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Stevanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Curman Posavec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Andrija \u0160tampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5595-8367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Bjedov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Boljfeti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tonka","family":"Jozi\u0107-Novinc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital \u201cDr. Ivo Pedi\u0161i\u0107\u201d, 44000 Sisak, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"\u0160kara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital \u201cDr. Ivo Pedi\u0161i\u0107\u201d, 44000 Sisak, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2472-6087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morana","family":"Tomljenovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Teaching Institute of Public Health of the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9078-1773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u017deljka","family":"Hru\u0161kar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Al-Mufleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, County Hospital \u010cakovec, 40000 \u010cakovec, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Poto\u010dnik-Hunjadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital Vara\u017edin, 42000 Vara\u017edin, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0908-5675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Ron\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Center, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0398-5346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Savi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Center, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2025, April 02). 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