{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T18:06:27Z","timestamp":1778177187638,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD099857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD099857"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD103511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD103511"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH133474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH133474"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P51 OD011104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P51 OD011104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U42 OD024282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U42 OD024282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U42 OD010568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U42 OD010568"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Division of Intramural Research Program of NIAID\/NIH","award":["HD099857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD099857"]}]},{"name":"Division of Intramural Research Program of NIAID\/NIH","award":["R01HD103511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD103511"]}]},{"name":"Division of Intramural Research Program of NIAID\/NIH","award":["R01MH133474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH133474"]}]},{"name":"Division of Intramural Research Program of NIAID\/NIH","award":["P51 OD011104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P51 OD011104"]}]},{"name":"Division of Intramural Research Program of NIAID\/NIH","award":["U42 OD024282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U42 OD024282"]}]},{"name":"Division of Intramural Research Program of NIAID\/NIH","award":["U42 OD010568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U42 OD010568"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infants born to HIV-positive mothers remain at significant risk of HIV acquisition despite maternal adherence to antiretroviral therapy, cesarean delivery, and formula feeding. Our previous study reported that initiating early antiretroviral treatment at three days post-SIV infection resulted in approximately eighty percent of pediatric virologic remission. In this study, we investigated treatment outcomes in postnatally SHIV-exposed infant macaques when early intervention was delayed by two days, as well as the mechanisms underlying virologic control. The results showed that, although initiating treatment at five days post-exposure effectively suppressed viral replication, only one of the three infant macaques achieved a sustained state of virologic remission following analytical treatment interruption. Notably, this virus-controlled infant lacked detectable virus-specific immunity, including neutralizing antibodies, cytotoxic T cell responses, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. These findings highlight the critical importance of early treatment initiation as a key determinant of virologic control in HIV-exposed, infected infants. This study provides valuable insights for guiding early pediatric HIV intervention strategies in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17060849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T14:03:11Z","timestamp":1750082591000},"page":"849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of Delayed Early Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation on Treatment Outcomes in Infant Macaques Exposed to SHIVAD8"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6766-9008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9752-3734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueling","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, 650 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8184-7849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia","family":"Donau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eunice","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, 650 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9616-9414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert V.","family":"Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lara A.","family":"Doyle-Meyers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1232-2966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malcolm","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6298-2391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald S.","family":"Veazey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1742-0979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huanbin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4081-8985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.024","article-title":"HIV DNA Set Point is Rapidly Established in Acute HIV Infection and Dramatically Reduced by Early ART","volume":"11","author":"Ananworanich","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henrich, T.J., Hatano, H., Bacon, O., Hogan, L.E., Rutishauser, R., Hill, A., Kearney, M.F., Anderson, E.M., Buchbinder, S.P., and Cohen, S.E. (2017). HIV-1 persistence following extremely early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) during acute HIV-1 infection: An observational study. PLoS Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002417"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0026-6","article-title":"Rapid HIV RNA rebound after antiretroviral treatment interruption in persons durably suppressed in Fiebig I acute HIV infection","volume":"24","author":"Colby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Global HIV Programme (2023). HIV Data and Statistics."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muenchhoff, M., Prendergast, A.J., and Goulder, P.J. (2014). Immunity to HIV in Early Life. Front. Immunol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00391"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.19","article-title":"Paediatric HIV infection: The potential for cure","volume":"16","author":"Goulder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5429","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07881-9","article-title":"Prevention of SIVmac251 reservoir seeding in rhesus monkeys by early antiretroviral therapy","volume":"9","author":"Whitney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3565","article-title":"Early development of broadly neutralizing antibodies in HIV-1-infected infants","volume":"20","author":"Goo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20212045","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20212045","article-title":"Epitope convergence of broadly HIV-1 neutralizing IgA and IgG antibody lineages in a viremic controller","volume":"219","author":"Lorin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0800971","article-title":"Early antiretroviral therapy and mortality among HIV-infected infants","volume":"359","author":"Violari","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61409-9","article-title":"Early time-limited antiretroviral therapy versus deferred therapy in South African infants infected with HIV: Results from the children with HIV early antiretroviral (CHER) randomised trial","volume":"382","author":"Cotton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu297","article-title":"HIV type 1 (HIV-1) proviral reservoirs decay continuously under sustained virologic control in HIV-1-infected children who received early treatment","volume":"210","author":"Luzuriaga","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000178","article-title":"Reduced markers of HIV persistence and restricted HIV-specific immune responses after early antiretroviral therapy in children","volume":"28","author":"Ananworanich","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu827","article-title":"Early Antiretroviral Therapy in South African Children Reduces HIV-1-Infected Cells and Cell-Associated HIV-1 RNA in Blood Mononuclear Cells","volume":"212","author":"Bedison","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ456","article-title":"Establishment and Replenishment of the Viral Reservoir in Perinatally HIV-1-infected Children Initiating Very Early Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"61","author":"Puertas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000127","article-title":"Very early combination antiretroviral therapy in infants: Prospects for cure","volume":"10","author":"Luzuriaga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax7350","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aax7350","article-title":"Early antiretroviral therapy in neonates with HIV-1 infection restricts viral reservoir size and induces a distinct innate immune profile","volume":"11","author":"Maddali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32830437df","article-title":"Early virological suppression with three-class antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected African infants","volume":"22","author":"Prendergast","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1302976","article-title":"Absence of detectable HIV-1 viremia after treatment cessation in an infant","volume":"369","author":"Persaud","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61405-7","article-title":"No cure of HIV infection in a child despite early treatment and apparent viral clearance","volume":"384","author":"Giacomet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1413931","article-title":"Viremic relapse after HIV-1 remission in a perinatally infected child","volume":"372","author":"Luzuriaga","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000570","article-title":"Rapid viral rebound after 4 years of suppressive therapy in a seronegative HIV-1 infected infant treated from birth","volume":"34","author":"Butler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001745","article-title":"Virologic Response to Early Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-infected Infants: Evaluation After 2 Years of Treatment in the Pediacam Study, Cameroon","volume":"37","author":"Texier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.100241","article-title":"Early antiretroviral treatment of infants to attain HIV remission","volume":"18","author":"Kuhn","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001158","article-title":"Treatment interruption after 2-year antiretroviral treatment initiated during acute\/early HIV in infancy","volume":"30","author":"Wamalwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001312","article-title":"Early age at start of antiretroviral therapy associated with better virologic control after initial suppression in HIV-infected infants","volume":"31","author":"Shiau","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08311-0","article-title":"A child with perinatal HIV infection and long-term sustained virological control following antiretroviral treatment cessation","volume":"10","author":"Violari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-021-00389-1","article-title":"Early ART-initiation and longer ART duration reduces HIV-1 proviral DNA levels in children from the CHER trial","volume":"18","author":"Payne","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e744","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac695","article-title":"Infants Receiving Very Early Antiretroviral Therapy Have High CD4 Counts in the First Year of Life","volume":"76","author":"Nelson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu432","article-title":"Early initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected newborns can achieve sustained virologic suppression with low frequency of CD4+ T cells carrying HIV in peripheral blood","volume":"59","author":"Bitnun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002830","article-title":"Optimizing Dolutegravir Initiation in Neonates Using Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulation","volume":"89","author":"Piscitelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2108793","article-title":"Dolutegravir as First- or Second-Line Treatment for HIV-1 Infection in Children","volume":"385","author":"Turkova","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e638","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(22)00163-1","article-title":"Once-daily dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy in infants and children living with HIV from age 4 weeks: Results from the below 14 kg cohort in the randomised ODYSSEY trial","volume":"9","author":"Amuge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e341","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(21)00292-7","article-title":"Dolutegravir dosing for children with HIV weighing less than 20 kg: Pharmacokinetic and safety substudies nested in the open-label, multicentre, randomised, non-inferiority ODYSSEY trial","volume":"9","author":"Waalewijn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e332","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(22)00044-3","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, safety, tolerability, and antiviral activity of dolutegravir dispersible tablets in infants and children with HIV-1 (IMPAACT P1093): Results of an open-label, phase 1-2 trial","volume":"9","author":"Ruel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2017.0169","article-title":"Early Sites of Virus Replication After Oral SIV(mac251) Infection of Infant Macaques: Implications for Pathogenesis","volume":"34","author":"Amedee","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4063","article-title":"Early short-term treatment with neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies halts SHIV infection in infant macaques","volume":"22","author":"Hessell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13972-y","article-title":"Single-dose bNAb cocktail or abbreviated ART post-exposure regimens achieve tight SHIV control without adaptive immunity","volume":"11","author":"Shapiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, R.A., McRaven, M.D., Carias, A.M., Anderson, M.R., Matias, E., Arainga, M., Allen, E.J., Rogers, K.A., Gupta, S., and Kulkarni, V. (2021). Localization of infection in neonatal rhesus macaques after oral viral challenge. PLoS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.07.30.454439"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obregon-Perko, V., Bricker, K.M., Mensah, G., Uddin, F., Kumar, M.R., Fray, E.J., Siliciano, R.F., Schoof, N., Horner, A., and Mavigner, M. (2020). Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIV.C.CH505 Persistence in ART-Suppressed Infant Macaques Is Characterized by Elevated SHIV RNA in the Gut and a High Abundance of Intact SHIV DNA in Naive CD4(+) T Cells. J. Virol., 95.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01669-20"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2233","article-title":"Passive neutralizing antibody controls SHIV viremia and enhances B cell responses in infant macaques","volume":"16","author":"Ng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e152526","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.152526","article-title":"Dynamics and origin of rebound viremia in SHIV-infected infant macaques following interruption of long-term ART","volume":"6","author":"Bricker","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1086\/420833","article-title":"Complete protection of neonatal rhesus macaques against oral exposure to pathogenic simian-human immunodeficiency virus by human anti-HIV monoclonal antibodies","volume":"189","author":"Ferrantelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"2371","article-title":"Rapid dissemination of SIV following oral inoculation","volume":"18","author":"Milush","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4823","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32554-z","article-title":"Early treatment regimens achieve sustained virologic remission in infant macaques infected with SIV at birth","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goswami, R., Nelson, A.N., Tu, J.J., Dennis, M., Feng, L., Kumar, A., Mangold, J., Mangan, R.J., Mattingly, C., and Curtis, A.D. (2019). Analytical Treatment Interruption after Short-Term Antiretroviral Therapy in a Postnatally Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Infant Rhesus Macaque Model. mBio, 10.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01971-19"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mavigner, M., Habib, J., Deleage, C., Rosen, E., Mattingly, C., Bricker, K., Kashuba, A., Amblard, F., Schinazi, R.F., and Lawson, B. (2020). Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Persistence in Cellular and Anatomic Reservoirs in Antiretroviral Therapy-Suppressed Infant Rhesus Macaques. J. Virol., 94.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01742-19"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8516","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00644-12","article-title":"Pathogenicity and mucosal transmissibility of the R5-tropic simian\/human immunodeficiency virus SHIV(AD8) in rhesus macaques: Implications for use in vaccine studies","volume":"86","author":"Gautam","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4769","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02279-09","article-title":"Generation of the pathogenic R5-tropic simian\/human immunodeficiency virus SHIVAD8 by serial passaging in rhesus macaques","volume":"84","author":"Nishimura","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.02.005","article-title":"Adeno-Associated Virus Delivery of Anti-HIV Monoclonal Antibodies Can Drive Long-Term Virologic Suppression","volume":"50","author":"Fuchs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6565","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7565","article-title":"Analysis of immunoglobulin transcripts and hypermutation following SHIV(AD8) infection and protein-plus-adjuvant immunization","volume":"6","author":"Francica","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298ra120","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aab3964","article-title":"Quality and quantity of TFH cells are critical for broad antibody development in SHIVAD8 infection","volume":"7","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19769","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1217443109","article-title":"Most rhesus macaques infected with the CCR5-tropic SHIV(AD8) generate cross-reactive antibodies that neutralize multiple HIV-1 strains","volume":"109","author":"Shingai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61991","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.61991","article-title":"A broadly neutralizing macaque monoclonal antibody against the HIV-1 V3-Glycan patch","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9993","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.18.9993-10003.2003","article-title":"Assorted mutations in the envelope gene of simian immunodeficiency virus lead to loss of neutralization resistance against antibodies representing a broad spectrum of specificities","volume":"77","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6018","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02741-09","article-title":"Autologous neutralizing antibodies to the transmitted\/founder viruses emerge late after simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac251 infection of rhesus monkeys","volume":"84","author":"Yeh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21435","article-title":"Early antibody therapy can induce long-lasting immunity to SHIV","volume":"543","author":"Nishimura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziani, W., Bauer, A., Lu, H., Wang, X., Wu, X., Bar, K.J., Li, H., Liu, D., Shaw, G.M., and Veazey, R.S. (2021). Immune Responses and Viral Persistence in Simian\/Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIV.C.CH848-Infected Rhesus Macaques. J. Virol., 95.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02198-20"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1112580","article-title":"CD8 down-regulation and functional impairment of SIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in lymphoid and mucosal tissues during SIV infection","volume":"93","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8905","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201802703R","article-title":"Chemokine receptor CCR5 correlates with functional CD8(+) T cells in SIV-infected macaques and the potential effects of maraviroc on T-cell activation","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0721-y","article-title":"Publisher Correction: Antibody and TLR7 agonist delay viral rebound in SHIV-infected monkeys","volume":"564","author":"Borducchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-04-015172","article-title":"Massive infection and loss of CD4+ T cells occurs in the intestinal tract of neonatal rhesus macaques in acute SIV infection","volume":"109","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3158","article-title":"Antibody responses to envelope glycoproteins in HIV-1 infection","volume":"16","author":"Burton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(01)02164-3","article-title":"Using SHIVs to develop an anti-HIV-1 live-attenuated vaccine","volume":"9","author":"Kuwata","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e250","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30012-2","article-title":"Early antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected infants: Can it lead to HIV remission?","volume":"5","author":"Shiau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18225-x","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing plasma antibodies effective against autologous circulating viruses in infants with multivariant HIV-1 infection","volume":"11","author":"Mishra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/6\/849\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:52:02Z","timestamp":1760032322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/6\/849"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["v17060849"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17060849","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]}}}