{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T23:08:38Z","timestamp":1788390518809,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["403462\/2023-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403462\/2023-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UFPE","award":["403462\/2023-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403462\/2023-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is responsible for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition characterized by the depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes, which predisposes individuals to opportunistic infections and, ultimately, death. Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has substantially improved clinical outcomes, certain limitations persist. Notably, 15\u201330% of individuals undergoing ART achieve viral suppression but fail to restore adequate CD4+ T cell counts, being defined as immunological non-responders (INR) and remaining at increased risk of disease progression to AIDS. The impaired immune recovery in INRs is attributed to insufficient production and\/or excessive destruction of CD4+ T lymphocytes, which can be modulated by autophagy process. This evolutionarily conserved mechanism is fundamental to lymphocyte development and activation as well as to programmed cell death pathways such as apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis. These pathways are essential for understanding the impaired immune reconstitution observed in people living with HIV, whose inability to maintain immune homeostasis contributes to accelerated disease progression. This review explores the interplay between autophagy, HIV, and cell death mechanisms, highlighting its relevance in immunological recovery under ART and its potential as a therapeutic target.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17070884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T10:44:41Z","timestamp":1750761881000},"page":"884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Role of Autophagy in HIV Infection and Immunological Recovery of ART-Treated PLWH"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4627-5185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayara Sabino Leite","family":"de Oliveira Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil"},{"name":"Keizo Asami Institute (iLIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9798-8438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wlisses Henrique Veloso de","family":"Carvalho-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalh\u00e3es Institute (IAM\/FIOCRUZ), Recife 50670-420, Pernambuco, Brazil"},{"name":"Life Sciences Nucleus, Agreste Academic Center (CAA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Caruaru 55014-900, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4760-2466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael Lima","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil"},{"name":"Keizo Asami Institute (iLIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20220744","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2022-0744","article-title":"CD4+ T Cell Count in HIV\/TB Co-Infection and Co-Occurrence with HL: Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"18","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150566","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2150566","article-title":"Distinct Inflammation-Related Proteins Associated with T Cell Immune Recovery during Chronic HIV-1 Infection","volume":"12","author":"Wan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. 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