{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T21:57:35Z","timestamp":1773439055786,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explores the viral dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection within host cells by incorporating the pharmacological effects of andrographolide\u2014a bioactive compound extracted from Andrographis paniculata, renowned for its antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Through the application of mathematical modeling, the interactions among the virus, host cells, and immune responses are simulated to provide a comprehensive analysis of viral behavior over time. Two distinct models were employed to assess the impact of varying andrographolide dosages on viral load, target cell populations, and immune responses. One model revealed a clear dose\u2013response relationship, whereas the other indicated that additional biological or pharmacological factors may modulate drug efficacy. Both models demonstrated stability, with basic reproductive numbers (R0) suggesting the potential for viral propagation in the absence of effective therapeutic interventions. This study emphasizes the significance of understanding the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of andrographolide to optimize its therapeutic potential. The findings also underscore the necessity for further investigation into the compound\u2019s absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) characteristics, as well as its prospective applications in the treatment of not only COVID-19 but also other viral infections. Overall, the results lay a foundational framework for future experimental research and clinical trials aimed at refining andrographolide dosing regimens and improving patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17070891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T03:53:02Z","timestamp":1750823582000},"page":"891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mathematical Modeling of Andrographolide Therapy Effects and Immune Response in In Vivo Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4538-7608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panittavee","family":"Yarnvitayalert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teerapol","family":"Saleewong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Yearsley, C. (2021). Thailand Approves Asian Herb Andrographis to Treat COVID-19. HerbalGram, Available online: https:\/\/openurl.ebsco.com\/EPDB%3Agcd%3A11%3A5410555\/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aplink%3Ascholar&id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A149525312&crl=c&link_origin=scholar.google.com."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.0c01324","article-title":"Anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of Andrographis paniculata extract and its major component andrographolide in human lung epithelial cells and cytotoxicity evaluation in major organ cell representatives","volume":"84","author":"Suksatu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"229","article-title":"Short communication on use of andrographis herb (FA THALAI CHON) for the treatment of COVID-19 patients","volume":"19","author":"Benjaponpithak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Thai Trad. Alt. 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Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1230401"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/7\/891\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:58:08Z","timestamp":1760032688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/7\/891"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["v17070891"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17070891","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]}}}