{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:40:21Z","timestamp":1760035221304,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]],"date-time":"2025-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GIZ"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Orthohantavirus infection is a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans through contact with infected rodents. In Eurasia, Old World Orthohantaviruses can cause haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), while in the Americas, New World Orthohantaviruses are responsible for hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). In Kazakhstan, the first recorded cases of HFRS appeared in the West Kazakhstan region in 2000, which has since then been established as an endemic area due to the presence of stable rodent reservoirs and recurring human infections. Routine diagnosis of HFRS in this region relies primarily on immunoassays. To enhance diagnostic precision, we aimed to implement both serological and molecular methods on samples from suspected HFRS cases in the endemic West Kazakhstan region and non-endemic Almaty City. A total of 139 paired serum, saliva, and urine samples were analysed using IgM\/IgG ELISA, immunoblot assays, and qPCR. Our findings confirm that suspected HFRS cases in West Kazakhstan are associated with the Puumala virus serotype.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17070925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T07:55:43Z","timestamp":1751442943000},"page":"925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterisation of Orthohantavirus Serotypes in Human Infections in Kazakhstan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nur","family":"Tukhanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"M. Aikimbayev\u2019s National Scientific Center of Especially Dangerous Infections, 050054 Almaty, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Infectious and Tropical Disease, S. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, 050012 Almaty, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medical Practice, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5123-1974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhishek","family":"Bakuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0892-166X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyazzat","family":"Yeraliyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Scientific Center of Phthisiopulmonology, 050010 Almaty, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nurbek","family":"Maikanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Antiplague Station, 090001 Oral, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2743-7555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guenter","family":"Froeschl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zauresh","family":"Zhumadilova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M. Aikimbayev\u2019s National Scientific Center of Especially Dangerous Infections, 050054 Almaty, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gulnara","family":"Tokmurziyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M. Aikimbayev\u2019s National Scientific Center of Especially Dangerous Infections, 050054 Almaty, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edith","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Essbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology and Intracellular Agents, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0445-1445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Peintner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaheri, A., Henttonen, H., and Mustonen, J. (2021). Hantavirus research in finland: Highlights and perspectives. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081452"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2014.12.007","article-title":"The evolution and emergence of hantaviruses","volume":"10","author":"Holmes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.08.033","article-title":"Hantaviruses-Globally emerging pathogens","volume":"64","author":"Kruger","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12291","article-title":"Hantavirus infections","volume":"21","author":"Saksida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, J., Wang, Y., Mu, D., Xu, Z., Qian, Q., Chen, G., Wen, L., Yin, W., Li, S., and Zhang, W. (2019). The impacts of climatic factors and vegetation on hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome transmission in China: A study of 109 counties. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16183434"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1722","article-title":"Hantavirus infections in Europe and their impact on public health","volume":"23","author":"Vaheri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.01.003","article-title":"Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: Literature review and distribution analysis in China","volume":"43","author":"Zou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome: Pathogenesis and Clinical Picture","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"94","article-title":"First cases of Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Kazakhstan","volume":"3","author":"Grazhdanov","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Quar. Zoonotic Infect. Kaz."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"20","article-title":"Concerning the Allocation of Emerging Natural Foci of the Currently Important Infectious Diseases in the West of Kazakhstan","volume":"2","author":"Grazhdanov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Probl. Part. Danger. Infect."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tukhanova, N., Shin, A., Turebekov, N., Nurmakhanov, T., Abdiyeva, K., Shevtsov, A., Yerubaev, T., Tokmurziyeva, G., Berdibekov, A., and Sutyagin, V. (2022). Molecular Characterisation and Phylogeny of Tula Virus in Kazakhstan. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14061258"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2174\/1874357900802010032","article-title":"New Genetic Lineage of Tula Hantavirus in Microtus arvalis obscurus in Eastern Kazakhstan","volume":"2","author":"Plyusnina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Open Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"21","article-title":"Cross-sectional survey on hantavirus seroprevalence in Canton St. Gallen, Switzerland","volume":"137","author":"Schultze","year":"2007","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0304500","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304500","article-title":"A simple clinical score to reduce unnecessary testing for Puumala hantavirus","volume":"19","author":"Brockmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2013.06.023","article-title":"EvaGreen based real-time RT-PCR assay for broad-range detection of hantaviruses in the field","volume":"58","author":"Mossbrugger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tkachenko, E., Kurashova, S., Balkina, A., Ivanov, A., Egorova, M., Leonovich, O., Popova, Y., Teodorovich, R., Belyakova, A., and Tkachenko, P. (2023). Cases of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Russia during 2000\u20132022. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071537"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1911.130421","article-title":"Tula Hantavirus Infection in Czech Republic","volume":"19","author":"Zelena","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-002-0705-5","article-title":"Tula virus infection associated with fever and exanthema after a wild rodent bite","volume":"21","author":"Schultze","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2704.203996","article-title":"Tula virus as causative agent of hantavirus disease in immunocompetent person, Germany","volume":"27","author":"Hofmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20660","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2013.18.50.20660","article-title":"Seroprevalence of hantavirus infections in Switzerland in 2009: Difficulties in determining prevalence in a country with low endemicity","volume":"18","author":"Engler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human Puumala hantavirus infection in northern Sweden; increased seroprevalence and association to risk and health factors","volume":"16","author":"Brorstad","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3109\/02813432.2010.506058","article-title":"Early diagnosis of Hantavirus infection by family doctors can reduce inappropriate antibiotic use and hospitalization","volume":"28","author":"Brorstad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand. J. Prim. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0939","article-title":"Human puumala and dobrava hantavirus infections in the black sea region of Turkey: A cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Gozalan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.03.1396","article-title":"Serological diagnosis of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in a febrile patient in Colombia","volume":"25","author":"Mattar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1403.071242","article-title":"Hantavirus RNA in saliva from patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Pettersson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0185","article-title":"Utility of Nested Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction of Clinical Specimens for Early Diagnosis of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome","volume":"105","author":"Seo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/7\/925\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:00:54Z","timestamp":1760032854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/7\/925"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["v17070925"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17070925","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4915"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]]}}}