{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T09:22:48Z","timestamp":1773912168183,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sel\u00e7uk University Scientific Research Projects Coordination (BAP)","award":["22122009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22122009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study aims to identify predictive factors for pulmonary fibrosis development in COVID-19 patients by analyzing thorax CT (computed tomography) findings, serum prolidase activity, MMP-1, MMP-7, TGF-\u03b2 values, laboratory findings, and demographic characteristics. Materials and methods: The investigation involved 68 patients, both male and female, aged 18 years and older, who were volunteers and had been diagnosed with confirmed COVID-19. The pulmonologist and the radiologist evaluated the thorax CT by consensus. Patients were evaluated in two categories, group 1 and group 2, based on the status of fibrotic changes, and 3-month fibrosis scores were calculated. Findings in both lungs were calculated and noted for the lobes, considering lobar spread. Correlations between quantitative parameters were assessed with Spearman\u2019s rho correlation coefficient. Comparisons between independent samples were evaluated using either the independent sample t-test or the Mann\u2013Whitney U test. We evaluated the relationship between categorical variables using the Pearson chi-square test and Fisher\u2019s exact test. Results: Serum prolidase activity, MMP-1, MMP-7, and TGF-\u03b2 biomarkers were not statistically significant among groups. LDH was found to be significantly high in the group with fibrotic changes. Additionally, the group with fibrotic changes also had higher levels of fibrinogen. The percentage of neutrophils, the severity of the disease, muscle\u2013joint pain and fatigue symptoms, and the length of hospitalization stay were correlated with the total scores of fibrosis at the third month. In the group with fibrotic changes, the duration of muscle\u2013joint pain and fatigue symptoms and the length of hospitalization were longer than in the other group. Conclusions: The group with fibrotic changes showed an increase in biomarkers. However, this increase did not reach a statistically significant level, suggesting that the third month may be an early period for these changes. The group with fibrotic changes showed high levels of LDH, one of the most important laboratory parameters of pulmonary fibrosis risk factors, along with fibrinogen, suggesting that these parameters are valuable in predicting pulmonary fibrosis. Patients with fibrotic changes can experience specific symptoms, commonly seen in COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17070954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T11:19:27Z","timestamp":1751887167000},"page":"954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Role of Serum Prolidase Activity, MMP-1, MMP-7, and TGF-\u03b2 Values in the Prediction of Early Fibrosis in Patients with Moderate to Severe COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7944-076X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Didem","family":"Dogu Zengin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Konya City Hospital, Konya 42020, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya 42250, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9890-2250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilek","family":"Ergun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya 42250, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Burcu","family":"Yormaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya 42250, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6702-9188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Recai","family":"Ergun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya 42250, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6033-8816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halil","family":"Guven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Selcuk University, Konya 42250, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9524-6115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muslu Kazim","family":"Korez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Selcuk University, Konya 42250, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1141-1094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halil","family":"Ozer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Selcuk University, Konya 42250, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Unlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Selcuk University, Konya 42250, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baykal","family":"Tulek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya 42250, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fikret","family":"Kanat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya 42250, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, April 01). 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