{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T03:26:08Z","timestamp":1792985168245,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Program of Shanghai Academic Research Leader","award":["22XD1404800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22XD1404800"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Liver cancer has high incidence and mortality rates worldwide, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) being the main histological subtype, accounting for 90% of primary liver cancers. The high mutation rate of viruses combined with endoplasmic reticulum stress may lead to the occurrence of cancer. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most important pathogenic factors of HCC. The carcinogenic mechanisms of HBV have been widely studied. Among these mechanisms, immune escape and vaccine escape caused by mutations in the HBV S gene have been reported in numerous studies of patients with chronic hepatitis B. In addition, pre-S1\/S2 mutations and surface protein truncation mutations may activate multiple signaling pathways. This activation leads to the abnormal proliferation and differentiation of hepatocytes, thereby contributing to the development of HCC. This review aims to integrate the existing literature, summarize the common mutations in the HBV S gene region, and explore the related pathogenic mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17070974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T14:13:43Z","timestamp":1752761623000},"page":"974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Surface Gene Mutations of Hepatitis B Virus and Related Pathogenic Mechanisms: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tingxi","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Naval Medical Centre, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Naval Medical Centre, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huifang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Naval Medical Centre, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Naval Medical Centre, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Naval Medical Centre, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Naval Medical Centre, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1047-7059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianhua","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00760-9","article-title":"Global burden of hepatitis B virus: Current status, missed opportunities and a call for action","volume":"20","author":"Hsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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