{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T02:46:57Z","timestamp":1776998817278,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004385","name":"Special Research Fund from Ghent University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GOA013-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GOA013-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004385","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004385","name":"Special Research Fund from Ghent University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G035920N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G035920N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004385","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004385","name":"Special Research Fund from Ghent University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021060310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021060310"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004385","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Research Foundation\u2014Flanders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GOA013-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GOA013-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Research Foundation\u2014Flanders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G035920N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G035920N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Research Foundation\u2014Flanders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021060310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021060310"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Egyptian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research","award":["GOA013-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GOA013-17"]}]},{"name":"Egyptian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research","award":["G035920N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G035920N"]}]},{"name":"Egyptian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research","award":["2021060310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021060310"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The equine respiratory and reproductive tract microbiomes are complex and subject to constant fluctuations. Among the microbial inhabitants, Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (SEZ) is recognized as the dominant bacterium. It is an opportunistic pathogen that may occasionally lead to various types of infections. A key virulence factor of SEZ is the streptolysin S (SLS) toxin, which is responsible for the characteristic \u03b2-hemolysis on blood agar and tissue damage. Viruses and bacteria may interact and aggravate lesions and disease. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of an SLS-containing supernatant from SEZ on the nasal and vaginal mucosa and the subsequent replication of equine herpesviruses. The SLS-containing supernatant was prepared, and three 10-fold dilutions (optical density \u201cOD\u201d 10\u22122, 10\u22123, 10\u22124) were applied to equine nasal and vaginal explants. Untreated and EGTA-treated explants served as controls. Epithelial integrity was assessed by measuring the thickness and intercellular spaces. Nasal explants were inoculated with EHV-1 and EHV-4, while vaginal explants received EHV-1 and EHV-3. Viral replication was estimated via immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy. SLS-containing supernatants 10\u22122 and 10\u22123 compromised epithelial integrity. Viral replication increased in explants treated with SLS 10\u22123, demonstrating SLS\u2019s damaging effects on the epithelium, facilitating equine herpesvirus replication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17070980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T14:13:43Z","timestamp":1752761623000},"page":"980","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Supernatant Containing Streptolysin S Alters the Equine Nasal and Vaginal Mucosa, Modulating Equine Herpesvirus 1, 3 and 4 Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3360-118X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eslam","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1598-3057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolien","family":"Van Cleemput","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Burak","family":"\u015eahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Institute of Health Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, 15100 Burdur, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6683-5658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wim","family":"Van den Broeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Medical Imaging, Orthopedics and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4777-6880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Boyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5470-0713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"Nauwynck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laval, K., Poelaert, K.C.K., Van Cleemput, J., Zhao, J., Vandekerckhove, A.P., Gryspeerdt, A.C., Garr\u00e9, B., Van Der Meulen, K., Baghi, H.B., and Dubale, H.N. 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