{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T00:39:58Z","timestamp":1770424798509,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enteroviruses (EVs) cause broad clinical manifestations, particularly in children. Certain serotypes have been implicated in respiratory infections; however, epidemiological studies analyzing EV circulation based on clinical respiratory specimens are limited in Korea. This retrospective study evaluates EV detection patterns in respiratory specimens to demonstrate their clinical and epidemiological significance as respiratory pathogens in Korea. Respiratory samples collected from outpatient and hospitalized patients with respiratory symptoms at Dankook University Hospital between 2018 and 2024 were analyzed. EV detection patterns were analyzed by year, season, sex, and age. EVs were detected in 303\/6292 respiratory specimens. The highest and lowest positivity rates were in 2018 (8.2%) and 2020 (1.6%), likely due to non-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The highest positivity rates were in summer and autumn, and in children aged 2\u201311 years and infants aged 0\u20131 years. EV positivity did not differ significantly between sexes. Significant differences were identified across years, seasons, and age groups. EVs can be detected in respiratory specimens from symptomatic patients and exhibit a marked seasonal distribution and elevated positivity rates in pediatric populations. Hence, EVs may act as atypical respiratory pathogens, underscoring the need for integrated public health surveillance and seasonal prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17070991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T14:13:43Z","timestamp":1752761623000},"page":"991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Enterovirus Detection Trends Based on Respiratory Specimens from a Single Tertiary Hospital in Korea (2018\u20132024): A Retrospective Study Using Multiplex PCR Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7003-8422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong Su","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0934-8445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung Hun","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laser, Graduate School of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8981-5705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Sik","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1534-563X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Kyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jartti, M., Flodstr\u00f6m-Tullberg, M., and Hankaniemi, M.M. (2024). Enteroviruses: Epidemic potential, challenges and opportunities with vaccines. J. Biomed. Sci., 31.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-024-01058-x"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grizer, C.S., Messacar, K., and Mattapallil, J.J. (2024). Enterovirus-D68-A reemerging non-polio enterovirus that causes severe respiratory and neurological disease in children. Front. Virol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fviro.2024.1328457"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7304a1","article-title":"Surveillance for acute flaccid myelitis\u2014United States, 2018\u20132022","volume":"73","author":"Whitehouse","year":"2024","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johannesen, C.K., Egeskov-Cavling, A.M., Jepsen, M.P.G., Lange, T., Krause, T.G., Nygaard, U., and Fischer, T.K. (2024). Changing rates but persisting seasons: Patterns of enterovirus infections in hospitalizations and outpatient visits in Denmark 2015\u20132022. Front. Virol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fviro.2024.1346352"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2024.231232","article-title":"Respiratory viruses co-detection on a multiplex RT-PCR panel: A comparative clinical study","volume":"70","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2023.105522","article-title":"Separating the wheat from the chaff\u2014Optimizing the diagnosis of enterovirus-associated meningitis","volume":"165","author":"Kriger","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-021-04323-1","article-title":"Impact of public health measures on the post-COVID-19 respiratory syncytial virus epidemics in France","volume":"40","author":"Fourgeaud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5547","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27986","article-title":"Rhinovirus persistence during the COVID-19 pandemic-Impact on pediatric acute wheezing presentations","volume":"94","author":"Teo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400645","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.41.2400645","article-title":"Enhanced laboratory surveillance of respiratory infection disclosed the rapid rise of enterovirus D68 cases, northern Italy, August to September 2024","volume":"29","author":"Pariani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29412","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29412","article-title":"Study on the epidemiological characteristics of enterovirus among pediatric patients in Hangzhou, China: A comparison between the pre-COVID-19, COVID-19 pandemic, and post-COVID-19 periods","volume":"96","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00e4ding, N., Waldeck, F., Meier, B., Boutin, S., Borsche, M., Balck, A., F\u00f6h, B., Kramer, J., Klein, C., and Katalinic, A. (2024). Influence of non-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic on respiratory viral infections-A prospective population-based cohort study. Front. Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1415778"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.06.008","article-title":"Reduction and persistence of co-circulating respiratory viruses during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic","volume":"50","author":"Smedberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2254909","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.54909","article-title":"Circulation of rhinoviruses and\/or enteroviruses in pediatric patients with acute respiratory illness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US","volume":"6","author":"Rankin","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, J.S., Chung, Y.N., and Kim, J.K. (2025). Retrospective Single-Center Study on the Epidemiological Characteristics of Influenza B Infections in Korea (2007\u20132024): Analysis of Sex, Age, and Seasonal Patterns. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13051141"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Resurgence and seasonal patterns of RSV-B during the COVID-19 era: An 18-year retrospective hospital-based study","volume":"44","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100998","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.45.2100998","article-title":"Re-emergence of enterovirus D68 in Europe after easing the COVID-19 lockdown, September 2021","volume":"26","author":"Benschop","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2807.212603","article-title":"Circulation of Enterovirus D68 during period of increased influenza-like illness, Maryland, USA, 2021","volume":"28","author":"Fall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"e917","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical insights into the Enterovirus D68 upsurge in Europe 2021\u20132022 and emergence of novel B3-derived lineages, ENPEN multicentre study","volume":"230","author":"Simoes","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e259131","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.9131","article-title":"Enterovirus D68\u2013associated respiratory illness in children","volume":"8","author":"Clopper","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2509.190468","article-title":"Association of Enterovirus D68 with acute flaccid myelitis, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, 2009\u20132018","volume":"25","author":"Uprety","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-024-02469-w","article-title":"Epidemiology of childhood enterovirus infections in Hangzhou, China, 2019\u20132023","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70372","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70372","article-title":"Outbreak of Enterovirus D68 in young children, Brescia, Italy, August to November 2024","volume":"97","author":"Messali","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassidy, H., Lizarazo-Forero, E., Schuele, L., Van Leer-Buter, C., and Niesters, H.G. (2023). Off-season circulation and characterization of enterovirus D68 with respiratory and neurological presentation using whole-genome sequencing. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1088770"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dudman, S., Klundby, I., \u00d8verb\u00f8, J., Numanovic, S., Nilsen, M., Lind, A., Holberg-Petersen, M., and Landaas, E.T. (2024). Trends in the enterovirus surveillance in Oslo, Norway before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front. Virol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fviro.2023.1343781"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brouwer, L., Moreni, G., Wolthers, K.C., and Pajkrt, D. (2021). World-wide prevalence and genotype distribution of enteroviruses. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13030434"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2024.09.002","article-title":"The effect of infection prevention and control programme for childcare workers in daycare centres: A systematic review","volume":"79","author":"Pidjadee","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassidy, H., van Leer-Buter, C., and Niesters, H.G. (2022). Enterovirus infections in solid organ transplant recipients: A clinical comparison from a regional university hospital in the Netherlands. Microbiol. Spectr., 10.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02215-21"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-023-02169-x","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and clinical characteristics of enteroviruses associated HFMD in Chengdu, China, 2013\u20132022","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"jiaf179","article-title":"ENPEN Study Collaborators. Epidemiological and clinical insights into enterovirus circulation in Europe, 2018\u20132023: A multi-center retrospective surveillance study","volume":"231","author":"Vanhulle","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/7\/991\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:10:27Z","timestamp":1760033427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/7\/991"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["v17070991"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17070991","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]}}}