{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T01:31:34Z","timestamp":1781659894547,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82371846"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82371846"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32170939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32170939"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32411540019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32411540019"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["W2421121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W2421121"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022B1515020075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B1515020075"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021B1212030014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021B1212030014"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2025A04J6161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A04J6161"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["82371846"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82371846"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["32170939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32170939"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["32411540019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32411540019"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["W2421121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W2421121"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2022B1515020075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B1515020075"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2021B1212030014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021B1212030014"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2025A04J6161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A04J6161"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Program key projects","award":["82371846"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82371846"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Program key projects","award":["32170939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32170939"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Program key projects","award":["32411540019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32411540019"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Program key projects","award":["W2421121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W2421121"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Program key projects","award":["2022B1515020075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B1515020075"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Program key projects","award":["2021B1212030014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021B1212030014"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Program key projects","award":["2025A04J6161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A04J6161"]}]},{"name":"The Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou","award":["82371846"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82371846"]}]},{"name":"The Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou","award":["32170939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32170939"]}]},{"name":"The Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou","award":["32411540019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32411540019"]}]},{"name":"The Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou","award":["W2421121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W2421121"]}]},{"name":"The Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou","award":["2022B1515020075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B1515020075"]}]},{"name":"The Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou","award":["2021B1212030014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021B1212030014"]}]},{"name":"The Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou","award":["2025A04J6161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A04J6161"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Echovirus 18, a member of the B group of enteroviruses, is a significant etiological agent of aseptic meningitis and viral encephalitis in children. In this study, we investigated the pathogenicity of E18 by establishing a mouse infection model after comparing various mouse strains and injection methods. Two-day-old IFNAR1 knockout mice infected with clinical isolates of E18 exhibited symptoms such as lethargy, hind limb paralysis, and even mortality. Similarly, some two-day-old C57BL\/6J mice displayed comparable symptoms; however, the incidence was lower than that observed in IFNAR1 knockout mice. No similar symptoms were noted in any Balb\/c mice. Significant pathological changes were observed in skeletal muscle, brain tissue, and other organs of symptomatic mice; among these tissues, skeletal muscle demonstrated the highest viral load. The established infection model using two-day-old IFNAR1 knockout mice provides valuable insights into further investigations regarding its pathological injury mechanisms as well as the protective effects conferred by antibodies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17071011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T10:10:38Z","timestamp":1752833438000},"page":"1011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigation of the Mouse Infection Model for Echovirus 18"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Xiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linlin","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanyong","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People\u2019s Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People\u2019s Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenguang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Southern Medical University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07681-X","article-title":"Viral encephalitis: Familiar infections and emerging pathogens","volume":"359","author":"Whitley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D708","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx932","article-title":"Virus taxonomy: The database of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)","volume":"46","author":"Lefkowitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Aseptic meningitis due to ECHO virus type 18","volume":"99","author":"Eckert","year":"1960","journal-title":"AMA J. 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