{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T04:29:14Z","timestamp":1783744154394,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Abbott"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory pathogens are significant causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 and the mitigation measures implemented to control the pandemic, other respiratory viruses\u2019 transmission and circulation patterns were substantially disrupted. We leveraged the influenza hospitalization surveillance in Tanzania to understand the distribution of respiratory viruses shortly after nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were lifted. A total of 475 samples that tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 and influenza from March through May 2022 were included in this study. The samples were tested for 16 virus targets using Anyplex II RV16 multiplex assays. The findings indicate that most hospitalizations (74%) were among children under 15 years, with human bocavirus (HBoV) being the most prevalent (26.8%), followed by rhinovirus (RV, 12.3%), parainfluenza viruses (PIVs1\u20134, 10.2%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, 8.7%), adenovirus (AdV, 4.3%), and metapneumovirus (MPV, 2.9%). Notably, 54% of respiratory hospitalizations had no viruses detected. The findings highlight the broad circulation of respiratory viruses shortly after NPIs were lifted in Tanzania. Surveillance for respiratory pathogens beyond influenza and SARS-CoV-2 can inform public health officials of emerging threats in the country and should be considered an important pandemic preparedness measure at a global level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17081042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T09:35:11Z","timestamp":1753436111000},"page":"1042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Non-Influenza and Non-SARS-CoV-2 Viruses Among Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Infections in Tanzania: A Post-COVID-19 Pandemic Snapshot"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1073-8864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Ezekiely","family":"Kelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Laboratory, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 9083, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0450-1147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Msafiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Management and Development for Health, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 79810, Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 65001, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Averhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abbott Pandemic Defense Coalition, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Danda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Laboratory, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 9083, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Landay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azma","family":"Simba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Dodoma P.O. Box 743, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambele Elia","family":"Mwafulango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Laboratory, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 9083, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomoni","family":"Mosha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Dodoma P.O. Box 743, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Magesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic, Ministry of Health, Dodoma P.O. Box 743, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vida","family":"Mmbaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Dodoma P.O. Box 743, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra S.","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation for Influenza Epidemiology, Fondation de France, 75008 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e0207","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 emergency is over but the pandemic is not: Implications for a new global order","volume":"6","author":"Okesanya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000000848","article-title":"Benefits and probable ill effects of WHO\u2019s declaration of end of COVID-19 pandemic: A way back to pandemic-free normal life","volume":"85","author":"Sarker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Med. 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