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In Brazil, rabies virus variants associated with terrestrial wild animals, marmosets, and different bat species have been identified. In this study, bat samples from different regions of S\u00e3o Paulo State, in Southeast Brazil, were analyzed to identify their genetic variability and patterns. A total of 51 samples were collected over ten years (1999\u20132009) and submitted to the immunofluorescent technique using monoclonal antibodies for antigenic profile detection (the diagnostic routine used in Latin American countries) and genetic evolution analysis through maximum likelihood approaches. Three antigenic profiles were detected: one related to the rabies virus maintained by hematophagous bat populations (AgV3), part of the monoclonal antibody panel used, and two other profiles not included in the panel (called NC1 and NC2). These antigenic profiles were genetically distributed in five groups. Group I was related to hematophagous bats (AgV3), Groups II and III were related to insectivorous bats (NC1) and Groups IV and V were also related to insectivorous bats (NC2). The results presented herein show that genetic lineages previously restricted to the northwest region of S\u00e3o Paulo State are now found in other state regions, highlighting the need for a comprehensive genetic study of bat rabies covering geographic and temporal space, through expanded genomic analysis using a standard genomic fragment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17081063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:00:41Z","timestamp":1753884041000},"page":"1063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evolutionary Diversity of Bat Rabies Virus in S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5472-5029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luzia H.","family":"Queiroz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Produ\u00e7\u00e3o e Sa\u00fade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria de Ara\u00e7atuba, UNESP\u2014Universidade Estadual Paulista, Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ang\u00e9lica C. A.","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014IPSP, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-020, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia Cl\u00ednica e Molecular, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, USP\u2014Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9773-3404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marissol C.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FAPESP Scholarship, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria de Ara\u00e7atuba, UNESP\u2014Universidade Estadual Paulista, Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elenice M. S.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento, Instituto Biol\u00f3gico de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04016-035, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avelino","family":"Albas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ag\u00eancia Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agroneg\u00f3cios, Unidade de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Presidente Prudente, Presidente Prudente 19015-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiano","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Produ\u00e7\u00e3o e Sa\u00fade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria de Ara\u00e7atuba, UNESP\u2014Universidade Estadual Paulista, Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wagner A.","family":"Pedro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Produ\u00e7\u00e3o e Sa\u00fade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria de Ara\u00e7atuba, UNESP\u2014Universidade Estadual Paulista, Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo C.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FAPESP Scholarship, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria de Ara\u00e7atuba, UNESP\u2014Universidade Estadual Paulista, Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique S.","family":"Lot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNPq Technical Assistance Fellowship, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, UNIP\u2014Universidade Paulista, Campus Ara\u00e7atuba, Ara\u00e7atuba 16018-555, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra V.","family":"In\u00e1cio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FAPESP Scholarship, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria de Ara\u00e7atuba, UNESP\u2014Universidade Estadual Paulista, Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle B.","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia Cl\u00ednica e Molecular, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, USP\u2014Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"},{"name":"N\u00facleo de Pesquisas em Raiva\u2014NPR, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, USP\u2014Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2102-631X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marielton P.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioinform\u00e1tica e Virologia, Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP\u2014Universidade de Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4898-6553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edison L.","family":"Durigon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo de Pesquisas em Raiva\u2014NPR, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, USP\u2014Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Gustavo B.","family":"G\u00f3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014IPSP, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvana R.","family":"Favoretto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia Cl\u00ednica e Molecular, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, USP\u2014Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"},{"name":"N\u00facleo de Pesquisas em Raiva\u2014NPR, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, USP\u2014Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Pasteur\u2014Secretaria da Sa\u00fade do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01311-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Almeida, M.F., and Queiroz, L.H. 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