{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:47:11Z","timestamp":1790261231076,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","award":["22FED2200176CKJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22FED2200176CKJ"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","award":["R01AI152236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI152236"]}]},{"name":"PennVet Institute for Infectious and Zoonotic Diseases","award":["22FED2200176CKJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22FED2200176CKJ"]}]},{"name":"PennVet Institute for Infectious and Zoonotic Diseases","award":["R01AI152236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI152236"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["22FED2200176CKJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22FED2200176CKJ"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01AI152236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI152236"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In December 2023, infections of western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) within Argentina were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). By April 2024, more than 250 human infections, 12 of which were fatal, and 2500 equine infections were identified in South America. Laboratory diagnosis and surveillance in affected countries were hindered by a lack of facilities equipped with BSL-3 laboratories, as confirmatory serodiagnosis for WEEV requires live virus in the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). To expand serodiagnosis for WEEV in the Americas, we developed a virus chimera composed of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) engineered to display the E2-E1 glycoproteins of WEEV (VSV\/WEEV) in place of the VSV glycoprotein (G). PRNT90 and IC90 values of parental WEEV and VSV\/WEEV were analogous using sera collected from mice, horses, and chickens. VSV\/WEEV rapidly formed plaques with clear borders and reduced the assay readout time by approximately 8 h compared to the parental virus. Overall, we demonstrate that chimeric VSV\/WEEV is a suitable surrogate for WEEV in a diagnostic PRNT. Use of chimeric VSV\/WEEV in place of authentic WEEV will dramatically expand testing capacity by enabling PRNTs to be performed at BSL-2 containment, while simultaneously decreasing the health risk to testing personnel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17081067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T06:37:47Z","timestamp":1754030267000},"page":"1067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Chimeric Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Bearing Western Equine Encephalitis Virus Envelope Proteins E2-E1 Is a Suitable Surrogate for Western Equine Encephalitis Virus in a Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kerri L.","family":"Miazgowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5509-2542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bailey E.","family":"Maloney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4929-8085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melinda A.","family":"Brindley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0920-7254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattie","family":"Cassaday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4508-4362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raegan J.","family":"Petch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3918-5976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5801-3021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron C.","family":"Brault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8237-2654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda E.","family":"Calvert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3101.240915","article-title":"Equine Encephalomyelitis Outbreak, Uruguay, 2023-2024","volume":"31","author":"Frabasile","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg. 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