{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T20:27:37Z","timestamp":1789331257405,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Rio de Janeiro State Science Foundation (FAPERJ)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/211.355\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/211.355\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Rio de Janeiro State Science Foundation (FAPERJ)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/201.193\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/201.193\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Rio de Janeiro State Science Foundation (FAPERJ)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["309850\/2020-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309850\/2020-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Research Council (CNPq)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/211.355\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/211.355\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Research Council (CNPq)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/201.193\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/201.193\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Research Council (CNPq)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["309850\/2020-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309850\/2020-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Simian foamy virus (SFV) is a retrovirus that infects primates. However, epidemiological studies of SFV are often limited to captive populations. The southeastern Brazilian Atlantic Forest is home to both an endemic, endangered species, Leontopithecus rosalia, and an introduced species, Leontopithecus chrysomelas, to which no data on SFV exist. In this study, we assessed the molecular prevalence of SFV, their viral load, and their phylogenetic relationship in these two species of primates. Genomic DNA was extracted from 48 oral swab samples of L. chrysomelas and 102 of L. rosalia. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed to diagnose SFV infection and quantify viral load. SFV prevalence was found to be 23% in L. chrysomelas and 33% in L. rosalia. No age-related differences in prevalence were observed; however, L. rosalia showed a higher mean viral load (3.27 log10\/106 cells) compared to L. chrysomelas (3.03 log10\/106 cells). The polymerase gene sequence (213 pb) of L. rosalia (SFVlro) was clustered within a distinct SFV lineage found in L. chrysomelas. The estimated origin of SFVlro dated back approximately 0.0836 million years ago. Our study provides the first molecular prevalence data for SFV in free-living Leontopithecus populations while offering insights into the complex evolutionary history of SFV in American primates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17081072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T06:37:47Z","timestamp":1754030267000},"page":"1072","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Simian Foamy Virus Prevalence and Evolutionary Relationships in Two Free-Living Lion Tamarin Populations from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4808-3231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e9a Luiza","family":"Girardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thamiris Santos","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matheus Augusto Calvano","family":"Cosentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline Carvalho","family":"de S\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Gen\u00e9tica e Virologia Tumoral, Instituto Nacional de C\u00e2ncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro 0230-130, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8609-7859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Talitha Mayumi","family":"Francisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Mico-Le\u00e3o-Dourado, Silva Jardim, Rio de Janeiro 28820-000, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Campos dos Goytacazes, Laborat\u00f3rio de Ci\u00eancias Ambientais, Centro de Bioci\u00eancias e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4906-7244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca Cardozo","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campos dos Goytacazes, Laborat\u00f3rio de Ci\u00eancias Ambientais, Centro de Bioci\u00eancias e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fl\u00e1vio Landim","family":"Soffiati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Mico-Le\u00e3o-Dourado, Silva Jardim, Rio de Janeiro 28820-000, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Campos dos Goytacazes, Laborat\u00f3rio de Ci\u00eancias Ambientais, Centro de Bioci\u00eancias e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suelen Sanches","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Mico-Le\u00e3o-Dourado, Silva Jardim, Rio de Janeiro 28820-000, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia Bahadian","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Estadual do Ambiente, Guapimirim 25948-395, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alcides","family":"Pissinatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Estadual do Ambiente, Guapimirim 25948-395, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9786-5315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Ramon","family":"Ruiz-Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Mico-Le\u00e3o-Dourado, Silva Jardim, Rio de Janeiro 28820-000, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Campos dos Goytacazes, Laborat\u00f3rio de Ci\u00eancias Ambientais, Centro de Bioci\u00eancias e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9ria","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMBE, Aix Marseille University, Avignon University, CNRS, IRD, 13397 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9013-2570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Alves","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Gen\u00e9tica e Virologia Tumoral, Instituto Nacional de C\u00e2ncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro 0230-130, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3644-0246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirela","family":"D\u2019arc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3372-1552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Felipe","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.3390\/v5092169","article-title":"Non-Simian Foamy Viruses: Molecular Virology, Tropism and prevalence and Zoonotic\/Interspecies Transmission","volume":"5","author":"Kehl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.12.035","article-title":"Spumaretroviruses: Updated Taxonomy and Nomenclature","volume":"516","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-86-21073","article-title":"Propagation in Tissue Cultures of Cytopathogenic Agents from patients with Measles","volume":"86","author":"Enders","year":"1954","journal-title":"Proc. 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