{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:59:45Z","timestamp":1791910785376,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["R21AI142638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI142638"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["R01AI152236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI152236"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["T32AI007324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AI007324"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["T32AI055400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AI055400"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["R01-AI146101-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI146101-01"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["R01-AI153064-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI153064-01"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["R21AI142638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI142638"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["R01AI152236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI152236"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["T32AI007324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AI007324"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["T32AI055400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AI055400"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["R01-AI146101-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI146101-01"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["R01-AI153064-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI153064-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a highly pathogenic bunyavirus with a high case-fatality ratio for which there is no approved vaccine. Studies have assessed different vaccine technologies. However, few studies have yet assessed the immunogenicity of heterologous prime-boost regimens. Methods: Here, we compare a lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated nucleoside-modified mRNA-based vaccine encoding the SFTSV glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, to our recently described recombinant VSV SFTSV (rVSV-SFTSV) vaccine in single dose, homologous, and heterologous prime-boost regimens in mice. Results: We show that all regimens protect from pathogenic SFTSV challenge and elicit strong long-lasting antibody responses. Furthermore, strong cellular immunity is elicited by mRNA-LNP immunizations and by heterologous immunization with an rVSV-SFTSV prime and mRNA-LNP boost. Cellular responses robustly polarized towards a type 1 response, characterized by high levels of IFN\u03b3, TNF\u03b1, and IL-2. Immunization with mRNA led to a mixed type 1\/type 2 immune response, as determined by antibody isotypes IgG1 and IgG2c. We found that homologous immunization leads to stronger antibody responses while heterologous immunization drives a slightly stronger cellular response. Conclusions: Taken together, the vaccine platforms described here represent strong vaccine candidates for further development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17081095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T11:41:53Z","timestamp":1754653313000},"page":"1095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Homologous and Heterologous Vaccination Regimens with mRNA and rVSV Platforms Induce Potent Immune Responses Against SFTSV Glycoprotein"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6380-5103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomaz B.","family":"Manzoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3642-2980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonna B.","family":"Westover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kendall A.","family":"Lundgreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1574-5692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip D.","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4508-4362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raegan J.","family":"Petch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan T.","family":"Ort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drew","family":"Weissman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for RNA Innovation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven H. Y.","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott E.","family":"Hensley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1008-6242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert","family":"Pardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9113-2575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian B.","family":"Gowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3918-5976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1010095","article-title":"Fever with thrombocytopenia associated with a novel bunyavirus in China","volume":"364","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. 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