{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:30:44Z","timestamp":1792114244674,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]],"date-time":"2025-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection remains a major cause of severe liver disease among hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients, contributing to accelerated progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Pegylated interferon-\u03b1 remains the first-line therapy for chronic HDV infection in most cases. However, despite its approval for HBV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, its use in HDV is largely driven by a lack of other options and is constrained by its limited efficacy, suboptimal durability of response, and a substantial side effect profile. Meanwhile, bulevirtide, an entry inhibitor, became the first agent to be approved for use in chronic HDV infections by the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and several other therapies are currently being investigated as well. In this review, we provide updates on recent advancements in HDV treatment and novel therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17081100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T08:10:32Z","timestamp":1754899832000},"page":"1100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Updates on Recent Advancements in Hepatitis D Virus Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ali Emre","family":"Bardak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center-Brighton, Boston, MA 02135, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8595-1838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazli Begum","family":"Ozturk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4671-3300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merve","family":"Gurakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5246-2317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynette","family":"Sequeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3250-4345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eda","family":"Yildiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6510-305X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enis Hikmet","family":"Ozmert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8840-5472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramazan","family":"Idilman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara 06230, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2221-9148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet","family":"Gurakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.18.12.997","article-title":"Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta\/anti-delta) associated to hepatitis B virus in liver and in serum of HBsAg carriers","volume":"18","author":"Rizzetto","year":"1977","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/323508a0","article-title":"Structure, sequence and expression of the hepatitis delta (\u03b4) viral genome","volume":"323","author":"Wang","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.01.004","article-title":"Hepatitis D: Thirty years after","volume":"50","author":"Rizzetto","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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