{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:36:19Z","timestamp":1760060179638,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007698","name":"University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, CHeRI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#6000CHERI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#6000CHERI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007698","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a globally significant pathogen affecting both domestic livestock and wildlife, including white-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus). While experimental infections have demonstrated WTD susceptibility to BVDV, natural infections and associated reproductive outcomes remain scarcely documented. Here, we report the first confirmed case of naturally occurring BVDV-1 infection associated with fetal mummification in farmed WTD in Florida. A two-year-old doe experienced a stillbirth involving two mummified fetuses, which were submitted for necropsy and laboratory diagnostics. Gross findings included diarrhea and underdeveloped eyes in the fetuses, along with small white nodules indicative of amnion nodosum. While not harmful, this condition suggests underlying fetal compromise or intrauterine stress. Virus isolation using Vero E6 and bovine turbinate cell lines, along with a reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) assay specifically developed in this study, confirmed the presence of BVDV-1 (Pestivirus bovis) RNA in both maternal and fetal samples, suggesting vertical transmission. Sanger sequencing of RT-PCR amplicons further verified the virus species as BVDV-1. Differential diagnostics for other pathogens, including bluetongue virus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, Mycobacterium spp., and Toxoplasma gondii, were negative. These findings underscore the importance of using biosecurity measures and including BVDV in the differential diagnosis of abortions to reduce the risk of BVDV transmission and potential outbreaks on deer farms, particularly those close to cattle operations. The molecular tools developed in this study provide a robust framework for improved detection and monitoring of BVDV in both wildlife and livestock populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17081104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T07:53:44Z","timestamp":1754985224000},"page":"1104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus-1 (Pestivirus bovis) Associated with Stillborn and Mummified Fetuses in Farmed White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Florida"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"An-Chi","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8780-3745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"DeRuyter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8171-4053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro H.","family":"de Oliveira Viadanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zoe S.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4069-0539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John A.","family":"Lednicky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1748-4518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha M.","family":"Wisely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuttichantran","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7098-731X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan M.","family":"Campos Krauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"},{"name":"Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"205","article-title":"An Apparently New Transmissible Disease of Cattle","volume":"36","author":"Olafson","year":"1946","journal-title":"Cornell Vet."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1483","article-title":"Identification of a New Group of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Strains Associated with Severe Outbreaks and High Mortalities","volume":"203","author":"Pellerin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1620","article-title":"Segregation of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus into Genotypes","volume":"205","author":"Ridpath","year":"1994","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donoso, A., Inostroza, F., Celedon, M., and Pizarro-Lucero, J. 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