{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:05:19Z","timestamp":1778198719184,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH-NIAID","award":["1R21AI137963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21AI137963"]}]},{"name":"NIH-NIAID","award":["ND02427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ND02427"]}]},{"name":"USDA-NIFA project","award":["1R21AI137963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21AI137963"]}]},{"name":"USDA-NIFA project","award":["ND02427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ND02427"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although Torque Teno Viruses (TTVs) were initially considered to be ubiquitous members of the mammalian virome, the finding that swine TTVs (TTSuV) can act as primary pathogens elevates the possible status of swine TTVs (TTSuVs) to an emerging swine pathogen. Since their discovery, the molecular mechanisms of TTV\u2013host interactions remain largely unknown as robust in vitro culture systems and in vivo animal models have not been available. This study was undertaken to address some of these long-standing gaps. Recombinant TTSuV1 rescued from an infectious clone was used to infect C57BL\/J6 mice. Infected mice seroconverted within 15 days post-infection and mounted virus neutralizing antibody responses. Viral DNA was detected in blood and lung tissue for the duration of the study. TTSuV1 isolated from the lung tissue of infected mice productively and serially infected PK-15 cells in vitro, indicating that the treatment produced viable, replicative viral particles in the host. TTSuV1 antigen was also detected by flow cytometry in lymphocytes, including the T and B lymphocyte subsets. Infected mice exhibited mild splenic hyperplasia and lymphopenia. The ability to respond to mitogenic stimuli was highly diminished in infected mice and a striking lack of virus-specific recall responses was observed for the 30-day duration of the study. Therefore, this study is the first to provide experimental evidence that recombinant TTSuV1 rescued from an infectious clone is infective and induces immune responses in laboratory mice. This model provides a critical tool for advancing research on TTV immunopathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17081105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T15:51:02Z","timestamp":1755013862000},"page":"1105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immune Responses and Replication of Rescued Torque Teno Virus (TTSuV1) in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Md-Tariqul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal, and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brett","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5906-5974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheela","family":"Ramamoorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amolm.2023.100006","article-title":"TTV and other anelloviruses: The astonishingly wide spread of a viral infection","volume":"1","author":"Spezia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asp. 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