{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:16:14Z","timestamp":1792188974799,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC; Heaton)","award":["NIMH P30MH062512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIMH P30MH062512"]}]},{"name":"HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC; Heaton)","award":["NIDA P50DA026306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA P50DA026306"]}]},{"name":"HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC; Heaton)","award":["NIDA P01DA012065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA P01DA012065"]}]},{"name":"HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC; Heaton)","award":["R01DA047879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA047879"]}]},{"name":"HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC; Heaton)","award":["R01DA058405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA058405"]}]},{"name":"HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC; Heaton)","award":["R01DA059344-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA059344-02"]}]},{"name":"Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC; Grant)","award":["NIMH P30MH062512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIMH P30MH062512"]}]},{"name":"Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC; Grant)","award":["NIDA P50DA026306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA P50DA026306"]}]},{"name":"Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC; Grant)","award":["NIDA P01DA012065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA P01DA012065"]}]},{"name":"Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC; Grant)","award":["R01DA047879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA047879"]}]},{"name":"Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC; Grant)","award":["R01DA058405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA058405"]}]},{"name":"Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC; Grant)","award":["R01DA059344-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA059344-02"]}]},{"name":"NeuroAIDS: Effects of Methamphetamine (Grant)","award":["NIMH P30MH062512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIMH P30MH062512"]}]},{"name":"NeuroAIDS: Effects of Methamphetamine (Grant)","award":["NIDA P50DA026306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA P50DA026306"]}]},{"name":"NeuroAIDS: Effects of Methamphetamine (Grant)","award":["NIDA P01DA012065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA P01DA012065"]}]},{"name":"NeuroAIDS: Effects of Methamphetamine (Grant)","award":["R01DA047879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA047879"]}]},{"name":"NeuroAIDS: Effects of Methamphetamine (Grant)","award":["R01DA058405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA058405"]}]},{"name":"NeuroAIDS: Effects of Methamphetamine (Grant)","award":["R01DA059344-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA059344-02"]}]},{"name":"Identification of Biomarkers of CNS injury and resilience related to HIV-1 and methamphetamine (Iudicello)","award":["NIMH P30MH062512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIMH P30MH062512"]}]},{"name":"Identification of Biomarkers of CNS injury and resilience related to HIV-1 and methamphetamine (Iudicello)","award":["NIDA P50DA026306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA P50DA026306"]}]},{"name":"Identification of Biomarkers of CNS injury and resilience related to HIV-1 and methamphetamine (Iudicello)","award":["NIDA P01DA012065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA P01DA012065"]}]},{"name":"Identification of Biomarkers of CNS injury and resilience related to HIV-1 and methamphetamine (Iudicello)","award":["R01DA047879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA047879"]}]},{"name":"Identification of Biomarkers of CNS injury and resilience related to HIV-1 and methamphetamine (Iudicello)","award":["R01DA058405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA058405"]}]},{"name":"Identification of Biomarkers of CNS injury and resilience related to HIV-1 and methamphetamine (Iudicello)","award":["R01DA059344-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA059344-02"]}]},{"name":"Cannabis and Pathogenic Mechanisms influencing Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Function in HIV (Iudicello\/Marcondes\/Fields)","award":["NIMH P30MH062512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIMH P30MH062512"]}]},{"name":"Cannabis and Pathogenic Mechanisms influencing Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Function in HIV (Iudicello\/Marcondes\/Fields)","award":["NIDA P50DA026306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA P50DA026306"]}]},{"name":"Cannabis and Pathogenic Mechanisms influencing Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Function in HIV (Iudicello\/Marcondes\/Fields)","award":["NIDA P01DA012065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA P01DA012065"]}]},{"name":"Cannabis and Pathogenic Mechanisms influencing Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Function in HIV (Iudicello\/Marcondes\/Fields)","award":["R01DA047879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA047879"]}]},{"name":"Cannabis and Pathogenic Mechanisms influencing Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Function in HIV (Iudicello\/Marcondes\/Fields)","award":["R01DA058405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA058405"]}]},{"name":"Cannabis and Pathogenic Mechanisms influencing Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Function in HIV (Iudicello\/Marcondes\/Fields)","award":["R01DA059344-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA059344-02"]}]},{"name":"Molecular effects of cannabinoids on the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier in HIV-infected brain (Marcondes\/Milner)","award":["NIMH P30MH062512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIMH P30MH062512"]}]},{"name":"Molecular effects of cannabinoids on the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier in HIV-infected brain (Marcondes\/Milner)","award":["NIDA P50DA026306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA P50DA026306"]}]},{"name":"Molecular effects of cannabinoids on the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier in HIV-infected brain (Marcondes\/Milner)","award":["NIDA P01DA012065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA P01DA012065"]}]},{"name":"Molecular effects of cannabinoids on the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier in HIV-infected brain (Marcondes\/Milner)","award":["R01DA047879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA047879"]}]},{"name":"Molecular effects of cannabinoids on the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier in HIV-infected brain (Marcondes\/Milner)","award":["R01DA058405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA058405"]}]},{"name":"Molecular effects of cannabinoids on the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier in HIV-infected brain (Marcondes\/Milner)","award":["R01DA059344-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA059344-02"]}]},{"name":"NIDA TRAIN T32DA031098","award":["NIMH P30MH062512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIMH P30MH062512"]}]},{"name":"NIDA TRAIN T32DA031098","award":["NIDA P50DA026306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA P50DA026306"]}]},{"name":"NIDA TRAIN T32DA031098","award":["NIDA P01DA012065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA P01DA012065"]}]},{"name":"NIDA TRAIN T32DA031098","award":["R01DA047879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA047879"]}]},{"name":"NIDA TRAIN T32DA031098","award":["R01DA058405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA058405"]}]},{"name":"NIDA TRAIN T32DA031098","award":["R01DA059344-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA059344-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Methamphetamine use, which is disproportionately prevalent among people with HIV, increases risk for cardio- and neurovascular pathology through persistent immune activation and inflammation. Preclinical studies indicate that cannabinoids may reduce markers of pro-inflammatory processes, but data from people with chronic inflammatory conditions are limited. We examined potentially interacting associations of lifetime methamphetamine use disorder (MUD), recent cannabis use, and HIV with four plasma markers of immune and inflammatory functions. Method: Participants with HIV (PWH, n = 86) and without HIV (PWoH, n = 148) provided urine and blood samples and completed neuromedical, psychiatric, and substance use assessments. Generalized linear models examined main and conditional associations of lifetime MUD, past-month cannabis use, and HIV with plasma concentrations of CXCL10\/IP-10, CCL2\/MCP-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. Results: PWH displayed higher CXCL10\/IP-10 than PWoH. Past-month cannabis use was independently associated with lower CXCL10\/IP-10 levels and conditionally lower CCL2\/MCP-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 levels among people with lifetime MUD, but only PWoH displayed cannabis-associated lower VCAM-1 levels. Conclusions: Human plasma sample evidence suggests that cannabis use is associated with lower levels of immune and inflammatory molecules in the context of MUD or HIV. Cannabinoid pathways may be worthwhile clinical targets for treating sequelae of chronic inflammatory conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17081143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T15:53:37Z","timestamp":1755705217000},"page":"1143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cannabis Use Moderates Methamphetamine- and HIV-Related Inflammation: Evidence from Human Plasma Markers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8621-8948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University\/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3635-5845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria O.","family":"Chentsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University\/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0525-809X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Crystal X.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4705-372X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cecilia Garibaldi","family":"Marcondes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Cherner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4931-752X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald J.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott L.","family":"Letendre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert K.","family":"Heaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2854-7684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Iudicello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-022-10261-7","article-title":"Cardiovascular Disease Associated with Methamphetamine Use: A Review","volume":"27","author":"Tobolski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(09)88005-7","article-title":"Molecular Bases of Methamphetamine-Induced Neurodegeneration","volume":"Volume 88","author":"Cadet","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Review of Neurobiology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gan, H., Zhao, Y., Jiang, H., Zhu, Y., Chen, T., Tan, H., Zhong, N., Du, J., and Zhao, M. (2018). A Research of Methamphetamine Induced Psychosis in 1,430 Individuals with Methamphetamine Use Disorder: Clinical Features and Possible Risk Factors. Front. Psychiatry, 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00551"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerin, A.A., Bridson, T., Plapp, H.M., and Bedi, G. (2023). A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Health, Functional, and Cognitive Outcomes in Young People Who Use Methamphetamine. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 153.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105380"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.15.3.317","article-title":"Neuropsychological Effects of Chronic Methamphetamine Use on Neurotransmitters and Cognition: A Review","volume":"15","author":"Nordahl","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1099","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2014.64","article-title":"Methamphetamine Induces Autophagy as a Pro-Survival Response against Apoptotic Endothelial Cell Death through the Kappa Opioid Receptor","volume":"5","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.02.015","article-title":"Effect of Methamphetamine Exposure on the Plasma Levels of Endothelial-Derived Microparticles","volume":"186","author":"Nazari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.112","article-title":"Methamphetamine Disrupts Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Function by Induction of Oxidative Stress in Brain Endothelial Cells","volume":"29","author":"Ramirez","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X19666210428121632","article-title":"Immune System and Methamphetamine: Molecular Basis of a Relationship","volume":"19","author":"Macur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2013.02.001","article-title":"Methamphetamine Administration Modifies Leukocyte Proliferation and Cytokine Production in Murine Tissues","volume":"218","author":"Peerzada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"SAMSHA Data Tools: Data Analysis System (2025, August 17). Crosstab Results: Past-Year METH Use by Past-Year Cannabis Use. National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2002\u20132019, Available online: https:\/\/datatools.samhsa.gov\/das\/nsduh\/2019\/nsduh-2002-2019-ds0001\/crosstab?row=MRJYR&column=MTHYR&weight=ANALWC18."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002345","article-title":"Cannabinoids and Inflammation: Implications for People Living with HIV","volume":"33","author":"Costiniuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogers, J.M., Iudicello, J.E., Marcondes, M.C.G., Morgan, E.E., Cherner, M., Ellis, R.J., Letendre, S.L., Heaton, R.K., and Grant, I. (2023). The Combined Effects of Cannabis, Methamphetamine, and HIV on Neurocognition. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030674"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617723000292","article-title":"Cannabis Use May Attenuate Neurocognitive Performance Deficits Resulting from Methamphetamine Use Disorder","volume":"30","author":"Rogers","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-005-9056-4","article-title":"Additive Deleterious Effects of Methamphetamine Dependence and Immunosuppression on Neuropsychological Functioning in HIV Infection","volume":"10","author":"Carey","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.2.361","article-title":"Additive Effects of HIV and Chronic Methamphetamine Use on Brain Metabolite Abnormalities","volume":"162","author":"Chang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"SAMSHA Data Tools: Data Analysis System (2025, August 17). Crosstab Results: Past-Year METH Use by Lifetime HIV Diagnosis. National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2023, Available online: https:\/\/datatools.samhsa.gov\/das\/nsduh\/2023\/nsduh-2023-ds0001\/crosstab?row=METHAMYR&column=HIVAIDSEV&weight=ANALWT2_C."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2018.12.003","article-title":"Methamphetamine and Its Immune-Modulating Effects","volume":"121","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"SAMSHA Data Tools: Data Analysis System (2025, August 17). Crosstab Results: Past-Year Cannabis Use by Lifetime HIV Diagnosis. National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2023, Available online: https:\/\/datatools.samhsa.gov\/das\/nsduh\/2023\/nsduh-2023-ds0001\/crosstab?row=MRJYR&column=HIVAIDSEV&weight=ANALWT2_C."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1089\/108729104323038892","article-title":"Medicinal and Recreational Marijuana Use by Patients Infected with HIV","volume":"18","author":"Furler","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-133-1-200007040-00004","article-title":"Adherence to Protease Inhibitor Therapy and Outcomes in Patients with HIV Infection","volume":"133","author":"Paterson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120412331305098","article-title":"Quality of Life in HIV-Infected Individuals Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy Is Related to Adherence","volume":"17","author":"Mannheimer","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samji, H., Cescon, A., Hogg, R.S., Modur, S.P., Althoff, K.N., Buchacz, K., Burchell, A.N., Cohen, M., Gebo, K.A., and Gill, M.J. (2013). Closing the Gap: Increases in Life Expectancy among Treated HIV-Positive Individuals in the United States and Canada. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081355"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61809-7","article-title":"The End of AIDS: HIV Infection as a Chronic Disease","volume":"382","author":"Deeks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu862","article-title":"Neurocognitive Change in the Era of HIV Combination Antiretroviral Therapy: The Longitudinal CHARTER Study","volume":"60","author":"Heaton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617717001102","article-title":"HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: A Global Perspective","volume":"23","author":"Saloner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-042909-093756","article-title":"HIV Infection, Inflammation, Immunosenescence, and Aging","volume":"62","author":"Deeks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-12668-1_11","article-title":"Deciphering Endothelial Dysfunction in the HIV-Infected Population","volume":"Volume 1134","author":"Guest","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reviews on Biomarker Studies of Metabolic and Metabolism-Related Disorders"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283365356","article-title":"Risk of All-Cause Mortality Associated with Nonfatal AIDS and Serious Non-AIDS Events among Adults Infected with HIV","volume":"24","author":"Neuhaus","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1177\/1741826711398431","article-title":"Are HIV Patients Undertreated? Cardiovascular Risk Factors in HIV: Results of the HIV-HEART Study","volume":"19","author":"Reinsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castley, A., Williams, L., James, I., Guelfi, G., Berry, C., and Nolan, D. (2016). Plasma CXCL10, sCD163 and sCD14 Levels Have Distinct Associations with Antiretroviral Treatment and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158169"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chistiakov, D.A., Orekhov, A.N., and Bobryshev, Y.V. (2015). Endothelial Barrier and Its Abnormalities in Cardiovascular Disease. Front. Physiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00365"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luciano-Mateo, F., Cabr\u00e9, N., Fern\u00e1ndez-Arroyo, S., Baiges-Gaya, G., Hern\u00e1ndez-Aguilera, A., Rodr\u00edguez-Tom\u00e0s, E., Mu\u00f1oz-Pinedo, C., Men\u00e9ndez, J.A., Camps, J., and Joven, J. (2020). Chemokine C\u2013C Motif Ligand 2 Overexpression Drives Tissue-Specific Metabolic Responses in the Liver and Muscle of Mice. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68769-7"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.11.042","article-title":"Upregulation of CCL7 and CCL2 in Reward System Mediated through Dopamine D1 Receptor Signaling Underlies Methamphetamine-Induced Place Preference in Mice","volume":"665","author":"Saika","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1393-0","article-title":"A Novel Neurotherapeutic for Multiple Sclerosis, Ischemic Injury, Methamphetamine Addiction, and Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"16","author":"Vandenbark","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.09.001","article-title":"Chronic Administration of Methamphetamine Promotes Atherosclerosis Formation in ApoE\u2212\/\u2212 Knockout Mice Fed Normal Diet","volume":"243","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolluru, G.K., Glawe, J.D., Pardue, S., Kasabali, A., Alam, S., Rajendran, S., Cannon, A.L., Abdullah, C.S., Traylor, J.G., and Shackelford, R.E. (2022). Methamphetamine Causes Cardiovascular Dysfunction via Cystathionine Gamma Lyase and Hydrogen Sulfide Depletion. Redox Biol., 57.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102480"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-010-9223-x","article-title":"Methamphetamine Causes Persistent Immune Dysregulation: A Cross-Species, Translational Report","volume":"20","author":"Loftis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02645-6","article-title":"Methamphetamine (MA) Use and MA-Induced Psychosis Are Associated with Increasing Aberrations in the Compensatory Immunoregulatory System, Interleukin-1\u03b1, and CCL5 Levels","volume":"13","author":"Kalayasiri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107776","article-title":"Ibudilast Attenuates Peripheral Inflammatory Effects of Methamphetamine in Patients with Methamphetamine Use Disorder","volume":"206","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellis, R.J., Wilson, N., and Peterson, S. (2021). Cannabis and Inflammation in HIV: A Review of Human and Animal Studies. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081521"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1116","article-title":"Heavy Cannabis Use Associated with Reduction in Activated and Inflammatory Immune Cell Frequencies in Antiretroviral Therapy\u2013Treated Human Immunodeficiency Virus\u2013Infected Individuals","volume":"66","author":"Manuzak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teichmann, E., Blessing, E., and Hinz, B. (2023). Non-Psychoactive Phytocannabinoids Inhibit Inflammation-Related Changes of Human Coronary Artery Smooth Muscle and Endothelial Cells. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12192389"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617720001447","article-title":"Daily Cannabis Use Is Associated with Lower CNS Inflammation in People with HIV","volume":"27","author":"Watson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800360017003","article-title":"The Composite International Diagnostic Interview: An Epidemiologic Instrument Suitable for Use in Conjunction with Different Diagnostic Systems and in Different Cultures","volume":"45","author":"Robins","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030992","article-title":"Reliability of the Timeline Followback for Cocaine, Cannabis, and Cigarette Use","volume":"28","author":"Robinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"R Core Team (2024). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Core Team."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03192961","article-title":"Using Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Standard Error Estimators in OLS Regression: An Introduction and Software Implementation","volume":"39","author":"Hayes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, H., Sloan, L., Saxena, D., and Scott, D.A. (2022). The Antimicrobial Properties of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Compounds and Relevance to CB2-Targeted Neurodegenerative Therapeutics. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10081959"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2018.02.016","article-title":"The Non-Psychoactive Phytocannabinoid Cannabidiol (CBD) Attenuates pro-Inflammatory Mediators, T Cell Infiltration, and Thermal Sensitivity Following Spinal Cord Injury in Mice","volume":"329","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2020.0203","article-title":"Impact of Plasma IP-10\/CXCL10 and RANTES\/CCL5 Levels on Neurocognitive Function in HIV Treatment-Naive Patients","volume":"37","author":"Ruhanya","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104689","article-title":"Peripheral Immune Dysregulation in the ART Era of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Impairments: A Systematic Review","volume":"118","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e809","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000809","article-title":"Recent Cannabis Use in HIV Is Associated with Reduced Inflammatory Markers in CSF and Blood","volume":"7","author":"Ellis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001704","article-title":"HIV-Infected Cannabis Users Have Lower Circulating CD16+ Monocytes and IFN-\u03b3-Inducible Protein 10 Levels Compared with Nonusing HIV Patients","volume":"32","author":"Rizzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2578","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2578","article-title":"Virus-Induced Host Chemokine CCL2 in COVID-19 Pathogenesis: Potential Prognostic Marker and Target of Anti-Inflammatory Strategy","volume":"34","author":"Ansari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3913","DOI":"10.2741\/2979","article-title":"Roles of MCP-1 in Development of HIV-Dementia","volume":"13","author":"Dhillon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20262","article-title":"HIV-1 Tat and Opiate-induced Changes in Astrocytes Promote Chemotaxis of Microglia through the Expression of MCP-1 and Alternative Chemokines","volume":"53","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.07.012","article-title":"Dynamics of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein Type One (MCP-1) and HIV Viral Load in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma","volume":"169","author":"Letendre","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeregui, E., Vilad\u00e9s, C., Domingo, P., Ceausu, A., Pacheco, Y.M., Veloso, S., Inciarte, A., Vidal-Gonz\u00e1lez, J., Peraire, M., and Perpi\u00f1\u00e1n, C. (2020). High Circulating SDF-1and MCP-1 Levels and Genetic Variations in CXCL12, CCL2 and CCR5: Prognostic Signature of Immune Recovery Status in Treated HIV-Positive Patients. eBioMedicine, 62.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.103077"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8235","DOI":"10.1021\/bi300925r","article-title":"Distinct Sites within the Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) Cytoplasmic Domain Regulate VCAM-1 Activation of Calcium Fluxes versus Rac1 during Leukocyte Transendothelial Migration","volume":"51","author":"Marchese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2022.100560","article-title":"Plasma Biomarkers of Vascular Dysfunction Uniquely Relate to a Vascular-Risk Profile of Neurocognitive Deficits in Virally-Suppressed Adults with HIV","volume":"26","author":"Saloner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun.-Health"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6137219","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6137219","article-title":"The Mechanism of Inflammatory Factors and Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Regulated by Nuclear Transcription Factor NF-\u03baB in Unstable Angina Pectoris","volume":"2022","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T., Tian, J., and Jin, Y. (2021). VCAM1 Expression in the Myocardium Is Associated with the Risk of Heart Failure and Immune Cell Infiltration in Myocardium. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98998-3"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2011.0385","article-title":"Pentoxifylline Reduces Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 and HIV-Induced Vascular Endothelial Activation","volume":"28","author":"Green","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482575","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/482575","article-title":"Blood-Brain Barrier Abnormalities Caused by HIV-1 Gp120: Mechanistic and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"2012","author":"Louboutin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.2174\/157016212802138724","article-title":"HIV-1 Gp120 and Drugs of Abuse: Interactions in the Central Nervous System","volume":"10","author":"Silverstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. HIV Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2022.0103","article-title":"Cannabidiol Attenuates In Vivo Leukocyte Recruitment to the Spinal Cord Microvasculature at Peak Disease of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis","volume":"9","author":"Bernardes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13368","article-title":"Cannabidiol Protects an in Vitro Model of the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier from Oxygen-glucose Deprivation via PPAR\u03b3 and 5-HT1A Receptors","volume":"173","author":"Hind","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-023-02476-y","article-title":"Research Progress in the Management of Vascular Disease with Cannabidiol: A Review","volume":"19","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"603","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Cannabis Potency in the United States in the Last Decade","volume":"6","author":"ElSohly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1080\/10826076.2019.1701015","article-title":"Comprehensive Classification of USA Cannabis Samples Based on Chemical Profiles of Major Cannabinoids and Terpenoids","volume":"43","author":"Cizdziel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12270","article-title":"The Effect of Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy on Monocyte, Endothelial and Platelet Function in HIV -1 Infection","volume":"16","author":"Dunne","year":"2015","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2002.01067.x","article-title":"Effect of Nicotine Replacement and Quitting Smoking on Circulating Adhesion Molecule Profiles (sICAM-1, sCD44v5, sCD44v6)","volume":"32","author":"Palmer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/8\/1143\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:32:05Z","timestamp":1760034725000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/8\/1143"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["v17081143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17081143","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]}}}