{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T15:52:57Z","timestamp":1769097177513,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37AI048793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37AI048793"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI033144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI033144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI138965"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI138965"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rubella is typically a mild viral illness, but it can lead to severe complications when contracted during pregnancy, such as pregnancy loss or developmental defects in the fetus (congenital rubella syndrome). Therefore, it is crucial to develop and maintain protective immunity in women of childbearing age. In this study, we assessed the transcriptional factors associated with rubella-specific immune outcomes (IgG binding antibody and avidity, neutralizing antibody, and memory B cell ELISpot response) following a third MMR vaccine dose in women of reproductive age to identify key factors\/signatures impacting the immune response. We identified baseline (Day 0) and differentially expressed (Day 28\u2013Day 0) genes associated with several RV-specific immune outcomes, including the transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2), which is an important factor regulating iron homeostasis and macrophage functional activity, and a close functional homolog of TFR1, the cellular receptor of the New World hemorrhagic fever arenaviruses. We also identified enriched KEGG pathways, \u201ccell adhesion molecules\u201d, \u201cantigen processing and presentation\u201d, \u201cnatural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity\u201d, and \u201cimmune network for IgA production\u201d, relevant to immune response priming and immune activation to be associated with RV-specific immune outcomes. This study provides novel insights into potential biomarkers of rubella-specific immunity in women of childbearing age.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17091154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:09:32Z","timestamp":1756080572000},"page":"1154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gene Expression Factors Associated with Rubella-Specific Humoral Immunity After a Third MMR Vaccine Dose"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5383-3709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara I.","family":"Teodoro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iana H.","family":"Haralambieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1506-9214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inna G.","family":"Ovsyannikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krista M.","family":"Goergen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diane E.","family":"Grill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory A.","family":"Poland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6164-4967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard B.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Plotkin, S.A., Orenstein, W., and Offit, P.A. 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