{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T14:43:19Z","timestamp":1769006599613,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey","award":["GX25LB00UU11000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GX25LB00UU11000"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey","award":["GX23LB00U7KC100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GX23LB00U7KC100"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000203","name":"Environmental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GX25LB00UU11000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GX25LB00UU11000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000203","name":"Environmental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GX23LB00U7KC100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GX23LB00U7KC100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ecosystems","award":["GX25LB00UU11000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GX25LB00UU11000"]}]},{"name":"Ecosystems","award":["GX23LB00U7KC100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GX23LB00U7KC100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Largemouth bass (LMB; Micropterus nigricans) are popular both as a sportfish and an aquaculture species. At present, six described viruses are associated with LMB, of which two are typically considered in cases of LMB mortality events. Advances in discovery and diagnostic capabilities using next-generation sequencing have augmented surveillance efforts and subsequently led to the discovery of novel cryptogenic viruses. Here, we present evidence of three novel viruses from a single skin sample collected from a hyperpigmented melanistic lesion of an LMB with blotchy bass syndrome associated with MnA-1 co-infection. These viruses represent recently described groups of viruses (adomaviruses and nackednaviruses) that infect fish. Both are markedly understudied and of unknown significance to fish health. This work highlights the diversity of viruses associated with LMB and further advances our understanding of the LMB virome. Application of de novo sequencing approaches presents an opportunity to explore a new frontier of host\u2013pathogen relationships and microbes associated with changing environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17091173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T09:31:12Z","timestamp":1756373472000},"page":"1173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hiding in Plain Sight: Genomic Characterization of a Novel Nackednavirus and Evidence of Diverse Adomaviruses in a Hyperpigmented Lesion of a Largemouth Bass (Micropterus nigricans)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0403-190X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clayton","family":"Raines","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leetown Research Laboratory, Eastern Ecological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA"},{"name":"West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, West Virginia University, U.S. Geological Survey, 322 Percival Hall, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Odenkirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Department Wildlife Resources, 1320 Belman Road, Fredericksburg, VA 22401, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Isel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Department Wildlife Resources, 1320 Belman Road, Fredericksburg, VA 22401, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Mazik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, West Virginia University, U.S. Geological Survey, 322 Percival Hall, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morgan","family":"Biggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leetown Research Laboratory, Eastern Ecological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1197-6178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke","family":"Iwanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leetown Research Laboratory, Eastern Ecological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA"},{"name":"National Center for Cool and Coldwater Aquaculture, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 11861 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Long, J.M., Allen, M.S., Porak, W.F., and Suski, C.D. (2015, January 19). A Historical Perspective of Black Bass Management in the United States. Proceedings of the American Fisheries Society Symposium, Portland, OR, USA."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/fsh.10187","article-title":"Conservation of Black Bass Diversity: An Emerging Management Paradigm","volume":"44","author":"Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fisheries"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Kassler, T.W., Koppelman, J.B., Near, T.J., Dillman, C.B., Levengood, J., Swofford, D.L., VanOrman, J.L., Claussen, J.E., and Philipp, D.P. (2002, January 19). Molecular and Morphological Analyses of the Black Basses: Implications for Taxonomy and Conservation. Proceedings of the American Fisheries Society Symposium, Bethesda, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miranda, L.E., and Bettoli, P.W. (2019). Largemouth Bass Natural History. Largemouth Bass Aquaculture, CABI.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781800629158.0001"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D., Taylor, A.T., and Near, T.J. (2022). Phylogenomics and Species Delimitation of the Economically Important Black Basses (Micropterus). Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11743-2"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1139\/f91-304","article-title":"Genetic Implications of Introducing Florida Largemouth Bass, Micropterus Salmoides Floridanus","volume":"48","author":"Philipp","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"43","article-title":"Florida Bass Micropterus Floridanus (LeSueur, 1822)","volume":"Volume 82","author":"Barthel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Black Bass Diversity: Multidisciplinary Science for Conservation"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1002\/nafm.10876","article-title":"Alabama Bass Alter Reservoir Black Bass Species Assemblages When Introduced Outside Their Native Range","volume":"43","author":"Sammons","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Fish. Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13070","article-title":"Genomic Analysis Reveals Neutral and Adaptive Patterns That Challenge the Current Management Regime for East Atlantic Cod Gadus morhua L.","volume":"13","author":"Johansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2009.07.019","article-title":"The Impact of Taxonomic Change on Conservation: Does It Kill, Can It Save, or Is It Just Irrelevant?","volume":"142","author":"Morrison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacCrimmon, H.R., and Robbins, W.H. (1975). Distribution of the Black Basses in North America. Black Bass Biology and Management, Sport Fishing Institute.","DOI":"10.2307\/1443673"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, D.S., Gilbert, C.R., Hocutt, C.H., Jenkins, R.E., McAllister, D.E., and Stauffer, J.R. (1980). Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes, North Carolina State Museum of natural history.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.141711"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"3","article-title":"Black Bass Diversity and Conservation: An Overview","volume":"Volume 82","author":"Shaw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Black Bass Diversity: Multidisciplinary Science for Conservation"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Robbins, W.H., and MacCrimmon, H.R. (1974). The Blackbass in America and Overseas, Publications Division, Biomanagement and Research Enterprises."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biological Synopsis of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)","volume":"2884","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"USFWS (2018). 2016 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/fsh.10520","article-title":"Perceived Ecological Threats and Economic Benefits of Non-Native Black Bass in the United States","volume":"46","author":"Seguy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fisheries"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Moffitt, C.M. (2001). Reflections: A Photographic History of Fisheries and the American Fisheries Society in North America, American Fisheries Society."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tidwell, J.H., and Nickum, J.G. (2019). History of Largemouth Bass Production. Largemouth Bass Aquaculture, CABI.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781800629158.0000"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"95","article-title":"History of Warmwater Pond Culture in the United States","volume":"Volume 7","author":"Swingle","year":"1970","journal-title":"A Century of Fisheries in North America"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., and Liu, C. (2019). Largemouth Bass Production in China. Largemouth Bass Aquaculture, 5M Publishing Ltd Benchmark House.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781800629158.0003"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"104","article-title":"Current Status and Development Trend on China Largemouth Bass Industry","volume":"31","author":"Bai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Fish. Econ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8675(1994)014<0435:BDAMOA>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Bacterial Diseases and Mortality of Angler-Caught Largemouth Bass Released after Tournaments on Walter F. George Reservoir, Alabama\u2013Georgia","volume":"14","author":"Steeger","year":"1994","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Fish. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-29.2.334","article-title":"An Epizootic of Edwardsiella tarda in Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)","volume":"29","author":"Reed","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12961","article-title":"A Spontaneous Outbreak of Systemic Edwardsiella piscicida Infection in Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides (Lac\u00e9p\u00e8de, 1802) in California, USA","volume":"42","author":"Camus","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3354\/dao050233","article-title":"First Isolation of Largemouth Bass Virus","volume":"50","author":"Grizzle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4282","DOI":"10.3390\/v7082820","article-title":"Whole-Genome Analysis of a Novel Fish Reovirus (MsReV) Discloses Aquareovirus Genomic Structure Relationship with Host in Saline Environments","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000568","article-title":"Novel Reovirus Associated with Epidemic Mortality in Wild Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)","volume":"97","author":"Sibley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.739538","article-title":"Isolation and Identification of a New Strain Micropterus Salmoides Rhabdovirus (MSRV) from Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides in China","volume":"572","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwanowicz, L.R., Raines, C.D., Young, K.T., Blazer, V.S., Walsh, H.L., Smith, G., Holt, C., Odenkirk, J.S., Jones, T., and Hessenauer, J.-M. (2025). Novel Adomaviruses Associated with Blotchy Bass Syndrome in Black Basses. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.06.01.657292"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Liao, J., Zhang, D., Liu, S., Zhang, L., Kang, S., Xu, L., Chen, H., Peng, W., and Zhou, S. (2023). Isolation, Characterization, and Transcriptome Analysis of an ISKNV-like Virus from Largemouth Bass. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020398"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kibenge, F., and Godoy, M. (2016). Reoviruses of Aquatic Organisms. Aquaculture Virology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801573-5.00014-0"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8667(2001)013<0027:POLBVI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Persistence of Largemouth Bass Virus Infection in a Northern Mississippi Reservoir after a Die-Off","volume":"13","author":"Hanson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Anim. Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8446(2003)28[10:ROLBV]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Review of Largemouth Bass Virus","volume":"28","author":"Grizzle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fisheries"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.03.008","article-title":"Micropterus Salmoides Rhabdovirus (MSRV) Infection Induced Apoptosis and Activated Interferon Signaling Pathway in Largemouth Bass Skin Cells","volume":"76","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/08997659.2013.799613","article-title":"A Strain of Siniperca chuatsi Rhabdovirus Causes High Mortality among Cultured Largemouth Bass in South China","volume":"25","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Anim. Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03480","article-title":"Hyperpigmented Melanistic Skin Lesions of Smallmouth Bass Micropterus Dolomieu from the Chesapeake Bay Watershed","volume":"139","author":"Blazer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-018-3886-y","article-title":"Sediment and Phosphorous Fluxes Analysis in Aquia Creek, a Sub-Watershed of the Chesapeake Bay Basin, VA, USA","volume":"229","author":"Odhiambo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jastram, J.D. (2014). Streamflow, Water Quality, and Aquatic Macroinvertebrates of Selected Streams in Fairfax County, Virginia, 2007-12.","DOI":"10.3133\/sir20145073"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Froelich, A.J., and Zenone, C. (1985). Maps Showing Geologic Terrane, Drainage Basins, Overburden, and Low Flow of Streams in Fairfax County and Vicinity, Virginia."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Frie, S. (2004). Little Hunting Creek Watershed Management Plan, Fairfax County Stormwater Planning Division."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Dalzell, R.F., and Dalzell, L.B. (2000). George Washington\u2019s Mount Vernon: At Home in Revolutionary America, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv033","article-title":"MEGAHIT: An Ultra-Fast Single-Node Solution for Large and Complex Metagenomics Assembly via Succinct de Bruijn Graph","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"veaa100","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veaa100","article-title":"Cenote-Taker 2 Democratizes Virus Discovery and Sequence Annotation","volume":"7","author":"Tisza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2017.12.007","article-title":"A Completely Reimplemented MPI Bioinformatics Toolkit with a New HHpred Server at Its Core","volume":"430","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bu, C., Zheng, X., Zhao, X., Xu, T., Bai, X., Jia, Y., Chen, M., Hao, L., Xiao, J., and Zhang, Z. (2024). GenBase: A Nucleotide Sequence Database. Genom. Proteom. Bioinform., 22.","DOI":"10.1093\/gpbjnl\/qzae047"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.07.019","article-title":"Deciphering the Origin and Evolution of Hepatitis B Viruses by Means of a Family of Non-Enveloped Fish Viruses","volume":"22","author":"Lauber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2024.02.008","article-title":"Host Adaptive Radiation Is Associated with Rapid Virus Diversification and Cross-Species Transmission in African Cichlid Fishes","volume":"34","author":"Costa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben, H., Wang, X., Yang, P., Li, L., Liu, P., Gao, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Huang, C., and Chen, D. (2025). Metagenomic Analysis Uncovers Novel Hepadnaviruses and Nackednaviruses. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-05993-z"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Welch, N.L., Yutin, N., Dill, J.A., Camus, A.C., Pang, Y.-Y.S., Schiller, J.T., An, P., Cantalupo, P.G., Pipas, J.M., and Delwart, E. (2018). Adomaviruses: An Emerging Virus Family Provides Insights into DNA Virus Evolution. BioRxiv."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.02.039","article-title":"Origins and Evolution of Viruses of Eukaryotes: The Ultimate Modularity","volume":"479","author":"Koonin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh340","article-title":"MUSCLE: Multiple Sequence Alignment with High Accuracy and High Throughput","volume":"32","author":"Edgar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W232","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw256","article-title":"W-IQ-TREE: A Fast Online Phylogenetic Tool for Maximum Likelihood Analysis","volume":"44","author":"Trifinopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W293","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab301","article-title":"Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL) v5: An Online Tool for Phylogenetic Tree Display and Annotation","volume":"49","author":"Letunic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muhire, B.M., Varsani, A., and Martin, D.P. (2014). SDT: A Virus Classification Tool Based on Pairwise Sequence Alignment and Identity Calculation. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108277"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ford, C.E., Dunn, C.D., Leis, E.M., Thiel, W.A., and Goldberg, T.L. (2024). Five Species of Wild Freshwater Sport Fish in Wisconsin, USA, Reveal Highly Diverse Viromes. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13020150"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwanowicz, L.R., Young, K.T., Adams, C.R., Blazer, V.S., Smith, G.D., and Cornman, R.S. (2020). Draft Genome Sequence of an Adomavirus Associated with Raised Mucoid Skin Lesions on Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu). Microbiol. Resour. Announc., 9.","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.01479-19"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buck, C.B., Welch, N., Belford, A.K., Varsani, A., Pastrana, D.V., Tisza, M.J., and Starrett, G.J. (2024). Widespread Horizontal Gene Transfer Among Animal Viruses. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.97647.1"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Welch, N.L., Tisza, M.J., Starrett, G.J., Belford, A.K., Pastrana, D.V., Pang, Y.-Y.S., Schiller, J.T., An, P., Cantalupo, P.G., and Pipas, J.M. (2020). Identification of Adomavirus Virion Proteins. bioRxiv."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00185-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00185-18","article-title":"Microscopic and Molecular Evidence of the First Elasmobranch Adomavirus, the Cause of Skin Disease in a Giant Guitarfish, Rhynchobatus djiddensis","volume":"9","author":"Dill","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11433-0","article-title":"Multiple Origins of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Single-Stranded DNA Viruses from Bacterial and Archaeal Plasmids","volume":"10","author":"Kazlauskas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11801","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01278-15","article-title":"Characterization of a Novel Hepadnavirus in the White Sucker (Catostomus commersonii) from the Great Lakes Region of the United States","volume":"89","author":"Hahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001415","article-title":"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Hepadnaviridae","volume":"101","author":"Magnius","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2415631121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2415631121","article-title":"Phylogenetic Evidence Supporting the Nonenveloped Nature of Hepadnavirus Ancestors","volume":"121","author":"Buigues","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37068-w","article-title":"Structural Conservation of HBV-like Capsid Proteins over Hundreds of Millions of Years despite the Shift from Non-Enveloped to Enveloped Life-Style","volume":"14","author":"Pfister","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Maya, S., and Ploss, A. (2021). Animal Models of Hepatitis B Virus Infection\u2013Success, Challenges, and Future Directions. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050777"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200001698X","article-title":"Concomitant Infections, Parasites and Immune Responses","volume":"122","author":"COX","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro928","article-title":"Developing Animal Models for Polymicrobial Diseases","volume":"2","author":"Bakaletz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-016-0383-4","article-title":"The Impact of Co-Infections on Fish: A Review","volume":"47","author":"Kotob","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuy003","article-title":"Pathogens, Microbiome and the Host: Emergence of the Ecological Koch\u2019s Postulates","volume":"42","author":"Vonaesch","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Smith, G., Blazer, V., Walsh, H., Iwanowicz, L., Starliper, C., and Sperry, A. (2015, January 19). The Effects of Disease-Related Mortality of Young-of-Year Smallmouth Bass on the Population Characteristics in the Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania and Potential Implications to Conservation of Black Bass Diversity. Proceedings of the American Fisheries Society Symposium, Portland, OR, USA."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/03632415.2013.785395","article-title":"The Susquehanna River\u2014A Fishery in Decline","volume":"38","author":"Arway","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fisheries"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/aah.10009","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated with Mortality of Age-0 Smallmouth Bass in the Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania","volume":"30","author":"Walsh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Anim. Health"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/nafm.10994","article-title":"Effects of Poor Recruitment on Riverine Smallmouth Bass Population Dynamics","volume":"44","author":"Keplinger","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Fish. Manag."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/nafm.10745","article-title":"Temporal Trends in Macroscopic Indicators of Fish Health in the South Branch Potomac River","volume":"42","author":"Keplinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Fish. Manag."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2009.03.023","article-title":"Identification of Centrarchid Hepcidins and Evidence That 17\u03b2-Estradiol Disrupts Constitutive Expression of Hepcidin-1 and Inducible Expression of Hepcidin-2 in Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)","volume":"26","author":"Robertson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1897\/07-588.1","article-title":"Utilization of Protein Expression Profiles as Indicators of Environmental Impairment of Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu) from the Shenandoah River, Virginia, USA","volume":"27","author":"Ripley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-020-02193-5","article-title":"Mercury Bioaccumulation in Freshwater Fishes of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed","volume":"29","author":"Willacker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.129009","article-title":"Retrospective Analysis of Estrogenic Endocrine Disruption and Land-Use Influences in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed","volume":"266","author":"Blazer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1577\/H10-002.1","article-title":"Mortality of Centrarchid Fishes in the Potomac Drainage: Survey Results and Overview of Potential Contributing Factors","volume":"22","author":"Blazer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Anim. Health"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-0992.1999.09927.x","article-title":"Epidemiology and Ecosystem Health: Natural Bridges","volume":"5","author":"Rapport","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Health"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1021\/es8028523","article-title":"Long-Term Trends in the Prevalence of Cancer and Other Major Diseases among Flatfish in the Southeastern North Sea as Indicators of Changing Ecosystem Health","volume":"43","author":"Vethaak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1577\/H07-031.1","article-title":"Intersex (Testicular oocytes) in Smallmouth Bass from the Potomac River and Selected Nearby Drainages","volume":"19","author":"Blazer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Anim. Health"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-011-2266-5","article-title":"Reproductive Endocrine Disruption in Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu) in the Potomac River Basin: Spatial and Temporal Comparisons of Biological Effects","volume":"184","author":"Blazer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.09.063","article-title":"Chemical Contaminants in Water and Sediment near Fish Nesting Sites in the Potomac River Basin: Determining Potential Exposures to Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu)","volume":"443","author":"Kolpin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-020-01650-2","article-title":"Urbanization Constrains Skin Bacterial Phylogenetic Diversity in Wild Fish Populations and Correlates with the Proliferation of Aeromonads","volume":"82","author":"Colin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2015.140","article-title":"The Composition of the Zebrafish Intestinal Microbial Community Varies across Development","volume":"10","author":"Stephens","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05552.x","article-title":"Environmental and Ecological Factors That Shape the Gut Bacterial Communities of Fish: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Sullam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krotman, Y., Yergaliyev, T.M., Shani, R.A., Avrahami, Y., and Szitenberg, A. (2020). Dissecting the Factors Shaping Fish Skin Microbiomes in a Heterogeneous Inland Water System. Microbiome, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-0784-5"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1899\/04-028.1","article-title":"The Urban Stream Syndrome: Current Knowledge and the Search for a Cure","volume":"24","author":"Walsh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1899\/04-021.1","article-title":"Stream Ecosystem Function in Urbanizing Landscapes","volume":"24","author":"Meyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104896","article-title":"Role of Temperature and Co-Infection in Mediating the Immune Response of Goldfish","volume":"156","author":"Shameena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"veab005","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veab005","article-title":"Virome Composition in Marine Fish Revealed by Meta-Transcriptomics","volume":"7","author":"Geoghegan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boonthai, T., Loch, T.P., Yamashita, C.J., Smith, G.D., Winters, A.D., Kiupel, M., Brenden, T.O., and Faisal, M. (2018). Laboratory Investigation into the Role of Largemouth Bass Virus (Ranavirus, Iridoviridae) in Smallmouth Bass Mortality Events in Pennsylvania Rivers. BMC Vet. Res., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1371-x"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"1","article-title":"Immune Mechanisms in Fish Skin against Monogeneans\u2014A Model","volume":"46","author":"Buchmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(01)00038-6","article-title":"Innate Host Defense Mechanisms of Fish against Viruses and Bacteria","volume":"25","author":"Ellis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Gilliland, E. (2002, January 19). Livewell Operating Procedures to Reduce Mortality of Black Bass during Summer Tournaments. Proceedings of the American Fisheries Society Symposium, Bethesda, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1002\/nafm.10058","article-title":"The Effect of Water Temperature, Angling Time, and Dissolved Oxygen on the Survival of Largemouth Bass Subjected to Simulated Angling and Tournament Handling Procedures","volume":"38","author":"Keretz","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Fish. Manag."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1577\/M02-042","article-title":"Physiological Changes in Largemouth Bass Caused by Live-Release Angling Tournaments in Southeastern Ontario","volume":"23","author":"Suski","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Fish. Manag."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1577\/T03-145.1","article-title":"Physiological Significance of the Weigh-in during Live-Release Angling Tournaments for Largemouth Bass","volume":"133","author":"Suski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Fish. Soc."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1577\/M04-210.1","article-title":"Effects of Live-Well Conditions on Mortality and Largemouth Bass Virus Prevalence in Largemouth Bass Caught during Summer Tournaments","volume":"26","author":"Schramm","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Fish. Manag."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8446-35.3.121","article-title":"Aquatic Invasive Species Transport via Trailered Boats: What Is Being Moved, Who Is Moving It, and What Can Be Done","volume":"35","author":"Rothlisberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fisheries"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-012-0303-0","article-title":"Recreational Boats as a Vector of Secondary Spread for Aquatic Invasive Species and Native Crustacean Zooplankton","volume":"15","author":"Kelly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-017-1418-0","article-title":"Connecting Human\u2013Nature Relationships to Environmental Behaviors That Minimize the Spread of Aquatic Invasive Species","volume":"19","author":"Kemp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2008.09.006","article-title":"Using Simple Models to Review the Application and Implications of Different Approaches Used to Simulate Transmission of Pathogens among Aquatic Animals","volume":"88","author":"Murray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.3390\/v3112025","article-title":"Viruses of Fish: An Overview of Significant Pathogens","volume":"3","author":"Crane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noga, E.J. (2010). Fish Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118786758"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3354\/aei00060","article-title":"Reared Fish, Farmed Escapees and Wild Fish Stocks\u2014A Triangle of Pathogen Transmission of Concern to Mediterranean Aquaculture Management","volume":"3","author":"Uglem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquac. Environ. Interact."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vey031","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vey031","article-title":"Hidden Diversity and Evolution of Viruses in Market Fish","volume":"4","author":"Geoghegan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-022-2366-8","article-title":"Diversity and Connectedness of Brine Shrimp Viruses in Global Hypersaline Ecosystems","volume":"67","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00124-24","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00124-24","article-title":"Unveiling the Hidden Viromes across the Animal Tree of Life: Insights from a Taxonomic Classification Pipeline Applied to Invertebrates of 31 Metazoan Phyla","volume":"9","author":"Alfonso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Msystems"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-021623-093133","article-title":"Viruses in Marine Invertebrate Holobionts: Complex Interactions between Phages and Bacterial Symbionts","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01016-24","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01016-24","article-title":"Enormous Diversity of RNA Viruses in Economic Crustaceans","volume":"9","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Msystems"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richard, J.C., Blevins, E., Dunn, C.D., Leis, E.M., and Goldberg, T.L. (2023). Viruses of Freshwater Mussels during Mass Mortality Events in Oregon and Washington, USA. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15081719"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richard, J.C., Leis, E.M., Dunn, C.D., Harris, C., Agbalog, R.E., Campbell, L.J., Knowles, S., Waller, D.L., Putnam, J.G., and Goldberg, T.L. (2022). Freshwater Mussels Show Elevated Viral Richness and Intensity during a Mortality Event. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122603"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12939","article-title":"Persistent Development of Adomavirus and Aquareovirus in a Novel Cell Line from Marbled Eel with Petechial Skin Haemorrhage","volume":"42","author":"Pao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3354\/dao033077","article-title":"Channel Catfish Reovirus (CRV) Inhibits Replication of Channel Catfish Herpesvirus (CCV) by Two Distinct Mechanisms: Viral Interference and Induction of an Anti-Viral Factor","volume":"33","author":"Chinchar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"455","article-title":"Aquareovirus Interference Mediated Resistance to Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus","volume":"26","author":"LaPatra","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8768","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01369-16","article-title":"Concurrence of Iridovirus, Polyomavirus, and a Unique Member of a New Group of Fish Papillomaviruses in Lymphocystis Disease-Affected Gilthead Sea Bream","volume":"90","author":"Mavian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001041","article-title":"Fish Polyomaviruses Belong to Two Distinct Evolutionary Lineages","volume":"99","author":"Kraberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buck, C.B., Van Doorslaer, K., Peretti, A., Geoghegan, E.M., Tisza, M.J., An, P., Katz, J.P., Pipas, J.M., McBride, A.A., and Camus, A.C. (2016). The Ancient Evolutionary History of Polyomaviruses. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005574"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monier, A., Claverie, J.-M., and Ogata, H. (2007). Horizontal Gene Transfer and Nucleotide Compositional Anomaly in Large DNA Viruses. Bmc Genom., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-8-456"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/aah.10202","article-title":"Effects of Temperature on Viral Load, Inclusion Body Formation, and Host Response in Pacific Herring with Viral Erythrocytic Necrosis (VEN)","volume":"36","author":"Salzer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Anim. Health"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, P.H., Misk, E., Papazotos, F., Jones, G., Polinski, M.P., Contador, E., Russell, S., Garver, K.A., Lumsden, J.S., and Bols, N.C. (2020). Screening of Fish Cell Lines for Piscine Orthoreovirus-1 (PRV-1) Amplification: Identification of the Non-Supportive PRV-1 Invitrome. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9100833"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhamotharan, K., Vendramin, N., Markussen, T., Wessel, \u00d8., Cuenca, A., Nyman, I.B., Olsen, A.B., Tengs, T., Krudtaa Dahle, M., and Rimstad, E. (2018). Molecular and Antigenic Characterization of Piscine Orthoreovirus (PRV) from Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10040170"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/aah.10155","article-title":"A Perspective: Molecular Detections of New Agents in Finfish\u2014Interpreting Biological Significance for Fish Health Management","volume":"34","author":"Meyers","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Anim. Health"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-010421-053015","article-title":"Integrating Viral Metagenomics into an Ecological Framework","volume":"8","author":"Sommers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munang\u2019andu, H.M., Mugimba, K.K., Byarugaba, D.K., Mutoloki, S., and Evensen, \u00d8. (2017). Current Advances on Virus Discovery and Diagnostic Role of Viral Metagenomics in Aquatic Organisms. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00406"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0012-7","article-title":"The Evolutionary History of Vertebrate RNA Viruses","volume":"556","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51971","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.51971","article-title":"Discovery of Several Thousand Highly Diverse Circular DNA Viruses","volume":"9","author":"Tisza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00118-24","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00118-24","article-title":"Diversity, Evolution, and Emergence of Fish Viruses","volume":"98","author":"Costa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauber, C., and Seitz, S. (2022). Opportunities and Challenges of Data-Driven Virus Discovery. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12081073"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02027-14","article-title":"Unraveling the Web of Viroinformatics: Computational Tools and Databases in Virus Research","volume":"89","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2017.02.002","article-title":"Origins and Challenges of Viral Dark Matter","volume":"239","author":"Krishnamurthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virus Res."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/9\/1173\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:34:16Z","timestamp":1760034856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/9\/1173"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["v17091173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17091173","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]}}}