{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:01:37Z","timestamp":1789988497298,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel skin test for an in vivo assessment of SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell immunity was developed using CoronaDermPS, a multiepitope recombinant polypeptide encompassing MHC II\u2013binding CD4+ T-cell epitopes of the SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins (S, E, M) and full length nucleocapsid (N). In silico epitope prediction and modeling guided antigen design, which was expressed in Escherichia coli, was purified (&gt;95% purity) and formulated for intradermal administration. Preclinical evaluation in guinea pigs, mice, and rhesus macaques demonstrated a robust delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response at optimal doses (10\u201375 \u00b5g), with no acute or chronic toxicity, mutagenicity, or adverse effects on reproductive organs. An integrated clinical analysis included 374 volunteers stratified by vaccination status (EpiVacCorona, Gam-COVID-Vac, CoviVac) prior to COVID-19 infection (Wuhan\/Alpha, Delta, Omicron variants), and SARS-CoV-2\u2013na\u00efve controls. Safety assessments across phase I\u2013II trials recorded 477 adverse events, of which &gt;88% were mild and self-limiting; no severe or anaphylactic reactions occurred. DTH responses were measured at 24 h, 72 h, and 144 h post-injection by papule and hyperemia measurements. Overall, 282\/374 participants (75.4%) exhibited a positive skin test. Receiver operating characteristic analysis yielded an overall AUC of 0.825 (95% CI: 0.726\u20130.924), sensitivity 79.5% (95% CI: 75.1\u201383.3%), and specificity 85.5% (95% CI: 81.8\u201388.7%), with comparable diagnostic accuracy across vaccine, and variant subgroups (AUC range 0.782\u20130.870). CoronaDerm-PS\u2013based skin testing offers a simple, reproducible, and low-cost method for qualitative evaluation of T-cell\u2013mediated immunity to SARS-CoV-2, independent of specialized laboratory equipment (Eurasian Patent No. 047119). Its high safety profile and consistent performance across diverse cohorts support its utility for mass screening and monitoring of cellular immune protection following infection or vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17091186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T16:18:15Z","timestamp":1756484295000},"page":"1186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and Clinical Validation of a Skin Test for In Vivo Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Specific T-Cell Immunity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4550-4870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tikhon V.","family":"Savin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Mira St. 14, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Pavlov First State Medical University of St. Petersburg, L\u2019va 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