{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T23:54:38Z","timestamp":1785887678715,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CNPq","award":["173061\/2023-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["173061\/2023-0"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["001\/0708\/000.116\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001\/0708\/000.116\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Butantan Foundation","award":["173061\/2023-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["173061\/2023-0"]}]},{"name":"Butantan Foundation","award":["001\/0708\/000.116\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001\/0708\/000.116\/2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antigenicity and immunogenicity define a potent immunogen in vaccinology. Nowadays, there are simplified platforms to produce nanocarriers for small-peptide antigen delivery, derived from various infectious agents for the treatment of a variety of diseases, based on virus-like particles (VLPs). They have good cell-penetrating properties and protective action for target molecules from degradation. Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes anogenital warts and six types of cancer in infected women, men, or children, posing a challenge to global public health. The HPV capsid is composed of viral type-specific L1 and evolutionarily conserved L2 proteins. Produced in heterologous systems, the L1 protein can self-assemble into VLPs, nanoparticles sized around 50\u201360 nm, used as prophylactic vaccines. Devoid of the viral genome, they are safe for users, offering no risk of infection because VLPs do not replicate. The immune response induced by HPV VLPs is promoted by conformational viral epitopes, generating effective T- and B-cell responses. Produced in different cell systems, HPV16 L1 VLPs can be obtained on a large scale for use in mass immunization programs, which are well established nowadays. The expression of heterologous proteins was evaluated at various transfection times by transfecting cells with vectors encoding codon-optimized HPV16L1 and HPV16L2 genes. Immunological response induced by chimeric HPV16 L1\/L2 VLP was evaluated through preclinical assays by antibody production, suggesting the potential of broad-spectrum protection against HPV as a prophylactic nanovaccine. These platforms can also offer promising therapeutic strategies, covering the various possibilities for complementary studies to develop potential preventive and therapeutic vaccines with broad-spectrum protection, using in silico new epitope selection and innovative nanotechnologies to obtain more effective immunobiologicals in combating HPV-associated cancers, influenza, hepatitis B and C, tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and many other illnesses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17091209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T08:08:46Z","timestamp":1756973326000},"page":"1209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Recombinant Chimeric Virus-like Particles of Human Papillomavirus Produced by Distinct Cell Lineages: Potential as Prophylactic Nanovaccine and Therapeutic Drug Nanocarriers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2049-7627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cyntia Silva","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Butantan Institute, 1500 Vital Brazil Avenue, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre 09210-580, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirce","family":"Sakauchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Butantan Institute, 1500 Vital Brazil Avenue, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c9rica Akemi Kavati","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Butantan Institute, 1500 Vital Brazil Avenue, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurora Marques","family":"Cianciarullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Butantan Institute, 1500 Vital Brazil Avenue, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cianciarullo, A.M., Oliveira, C.S., Vicente, P.I., Sakauchi, D., and Sasaki, E.A.K. 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