{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:43:34Z","timestamp":1760060614080,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007546","name":"MOSQUITWO project (Agence Nationale de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sanitaire de l\u2019Alimentation, de l\u2019Environnement et du Travail)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-01-129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-01-129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007546","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emerging arboviruses of the Orthoflavivirus genus such as West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV), primarily transmitted by Culex mosquitoes, pose significant public health threats due to their ability to cause severe neurological diseases in humans and animals. While studies in North America and Central Europe have shown that these viruses can persist in overwintering mosquitoes, their role in viral maintenance during the cold season in northeastern France remains unknown. This study aimed to assess whether overwintering female mosquitoes in this region could harbor WNV or USUV during the cold season, potentially maintaining viral circulation until the following transmission season. Between October 2021 and February 2024, a total of 10,617 overwintering female mosquitoes were collected in various types of habitats across five departments in northeastern France. The most common species was Culex pipiens (88%). Mosquitoes were grouped into 1121 pools (1\u201310 individuals each) and tested by real-time RT-PCR for WNV, USUV, and other flaviviruses using a pan-Flavivirus NS5-targeting assay. All pools tested negative, indicating no evidence of viral RNA in overwintering females. These results suggested that overwintering female mosquitoes in northeastern France do not act as reservoirs for WNV or USUV, and do not contribute to their overwintering maintenance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17091217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T08:06:32Z","timestamp":1757318792000},"page":"1217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Absence of West Nile and Usutu Virus Persistence in Overwintering Mosquitoes in Northeastern France: Insights from Cold-Season Surveillance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8722-7245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pauline","family":"Jourdan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 des Virus \u00c9mergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ, Universit\u00e0 di Corsica, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IRBA), 13005 Marseille Cedex 05, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2754-0165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Martinet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UR ESCAPE-USC ANSES PETARD, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims Cedex, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"Fert\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UR ESCAPE-USC ANSES PETARD, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims Cedex, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5091-5848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Mathieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituts de Bact\u00e9riologie et Parasitologie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Ma\u00efeutique et Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, UR 3073-PHAVI, 3 rue Koeberl\u00e9, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Vazeille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6995-0088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Depaquit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UR ESCAPE-USC ANSES PETARD, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims Cedex, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna-Bella","family":"Failloux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anouk","family":"Decors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office Fran\u00e7ais de la Biodiversit\u00e9, Direction de la Recherche et de l\u2019Appui Scientifique, 45071 Orl\u00e9ans Cedex, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7675-8251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00e9mi","family":"Charrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 des Virus \u00c9mergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ, Universit\u00e0 di Corsica, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IRBA), 13005 Marseille Cedex 05, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2024.09.002","article-title":"Chapter Two\u2014Usutu Virus, an Emerging Arbovirus with One Health Importance","volume":"120","author":"Kuchinsky","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. 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