{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:43:30Z","timestamp":1790934210399,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer","award":["123051100045-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["123051100045-0"]}]},{"name":"Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer","award":["125032404373-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["125032404373-4"]}]},{"name":"Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing","award":["123051100045-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["123051100045-0"]}]},{"name":"Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing","award":["125032404373-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["125032404373-4"]}]},{"name":"Research Institute of Virology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cFederal Research Center for Fundamental and Translational Medicine\u201d","award":["123051100045-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["123051100045-0"]}]},{"name":"Research Institute of Virology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cFederal Research Center for Fundamental and Translational Medicine\u201d","award":["125032404373-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["125032404373-4"]}]},{"name":"Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer"},{"name":"Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing","award":["123051100045-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["123051100045-0"]}]},{"name":"Research Institute of Virology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cFederal Research Center for Fundamental and Translational Medicine\u201d","award":["125032404373-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["125032404373-4"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) stand as the primary cause of acute viral gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide, particularly impacting children under the age of five. In Russia, reports of norovirus gastroenteritis have surged, especially in the post-COVID-19 era starting in 2022, with elevated infection rates reported into 2024. These viruses exhibit significant mutational variability, leading to the emergence of recombinant strains that can evade immune responses. A comprehensive examination of the complete genome is crucial for understanding the evolution of norovirus genes and for predicting potential outbreaks. This research focuses on analyzing the genotypic composition of HuNoVs circulating in the Sverdlovsk region during 2024, using Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Biological samples were collected (n = 384) from patients diagnosed with norovirus infection within the region. Bioinformatics analysis targeted the nucleotide sequences of the ORF1\/ORF2 fragment and the assembly of complete genomes for the GII.4 and GII.7 genotypes. In total, 220 HuNoVs were characterized, representing 57.3% of the collected samples. The main capsid variants forming the predominant genotypic profile included GII.4 (n = 88, 40%), GII.7 (n = 86, 39%), and GII.17 (n = 14, 6%). Using NGS, we successfully assembled 8 out of 10 complete genomes for noroviruses GII.4[P16] and GII.7[P7]. Non-synonymous substitutions appeared at amino acid sites corresponding to the subdomains of VP1 in these strains. This molecular\u2013genetic analysis provides contemporary insights into the genotypic composition, circulation patterns, and evolutionary dynamics associated with the dominant genovariants GII.4[P16] and GII.7[P7].<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17091243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T16:27:33Z","timestamp":1757953653000},"page":"1243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Molecular Characterization and Epidemiology of Human Noroviruses in the Sverdlovsk Region, Russian Federation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2820-9867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Bykov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Budgetary Institution of Science, \u00abFederal Scientific Research Institute of Viral Infections \u00abVirome\u00bb\u00bb, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Ekaterinburg 620030, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2113-6543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarek","family":"Itani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Budgetary Institution of Science, \u00abFederal Scientific Research Institute of Viral Infections \u00abVirome\u00bb\u00bb, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Ekaterinburg 620030, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7092-3036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria","family":"Pletenchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Budgetary Institution of Science, \u00abFederal Scientific Research Institute of Viral Infections \u00abVirome\u00bb\u00bb, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Ekaterinburg 620030, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8214-7828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olesia","family":"Ohlopkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Virology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u00abFederal Research Center for Fundamental and Translational Medicine\u00bb, Novosibirsk 630060, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1182-8247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey","family":"Moshkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Virology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u00abFederal Research Center for Fundamental and Translational Medicine\u00bb, Novosibirsk 630060, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2658-7746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Stepanyuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Virology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u00abFederal Research Center for Fundamental and Translational Medicine\u00bb, Novosibirsk 630060, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3223-8219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandr","family":"Semenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Budgetary Institution of Science, \u00abFederal Scientific Research Institute of Viral Infections \u00abVirome\u00bb\u00bb, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Ekaterinburg 620030, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Ural State Medical University, Ekaterinburg 620109, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg 620075, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graziano, V.R., Wei, J., and Wilen, C.B. (2019). Norovirus Attachment and Entry. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11060495"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopman, B.A., Steele, D., Kirkwood, C.D., and Parashar, U.D. (2016). The Vast and Varied Global Burden of Norovirus: Prospects for Prevention and Control. PLoS Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001999"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00884-2","article-title":"A Narrative Review of Norovirus Epidemiology, Biology, and Challenges to Vaccine Development","volume":"9","author":"Carlson","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2025, May 20). 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