{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:59:01Z","timestamp":1789588741431,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32202817"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32202817"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Provincial Higher Education Institution","award":["KJ2021A0870"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ2021A0870"]}]},{"name":"Talent Introduction Project of Anhui Science and Technology University","award":["DKYJ202103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DKYJ202103"]}]},{"name":"2024 Year Youth Top Talent Project of Anhui Provincial Higher Education Institution","award":["No"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No"]}]},{"name":"Excellent Research Innovation Team in Universities in Anhui Province","award":["2022AH010088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022AH010088"]}]},{"name":"Veterinary Science Peak Discipline Project of Anhui Science and Technology University","award":["XK-XJGF002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XK-XJGF002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type I interferons (IFNs), mainly IFN-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b2, play an essential role in defending against viral invasion by inducing the host\u2019s innate antiviral response. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is known to impair the IFN responses of infected hosts through the antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) infection pathway, but the precise mechanisms employed are poorly understood. In this study, we showed that PRRSV alone induced a strong secretion of IFN-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b2 in infected porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) by activating the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)\/melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) signaling pathway. By contrast, ADE infection of PRRSV significantly down-regulated the production levels of IFN-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b2 in PAMs by negatively regulating the RIG-I\/MDA5 signaling pathway and considerably enhancing the replication level of PRRSV in PAMs. Next, small interfering RNA (siRNA) experiments revealed that Fc gamma receptor I (Fc\u03b3RI) was responsible for the ADE infection of PRRSV in PAMs. In addition, we observed that Fc\u03b3RI mediated the potent inhibition of IFN-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b2 production through blocking the activation of the RIG-I\/MDA5 signaling pathway in PAMs. Further, we found that Fc\u03b3RI effectively inhibited PRRSV-induced synthesis of IFN-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b2 by negatively regulating PRRSV-induced activation of the RIG-I\/MDA5 signaling pathway in PAMs and significantly increased the viral production of PRRSV in PAMs. In conclusion, these results suggest that ADE infection of PRRSV may antagonize the secretion of type I IFNs (IFN-\u03b1\/\u03b2) by interfering with the RIG-I\/MDA5 pathway via Fc\u03b3RI in PAMs, thereby facilitating the proliferation level of PRRSV in PAMs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17091277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T08:37:39Z","timestamp":1758530259000},"page":"1277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection Antagonizes the Secretion of Type I Interferons in Porcine Alveolar Macrophages by Interfering with the Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene I\/Melanoma Differentiation-Associated Gene 5 Pathway via Fc Gamma Receptor I"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Liujun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China"},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chuzhou 233100, China"},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation and Health, Chuzhou 233100, China"},{"name":"Anhui Engineering Technology Research Center of Pork Quality Control and Enhancement, Chuzhou 233100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weizhen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaojun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China"},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chuzhou 233100, China"},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation and Health, Chuzhou 233100, China"},{"name":"Anhui Engineering Technology Research Center of Pork Quality Control and Enhancement, Chuzhou 233100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjie","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China"},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chuzhou 233100, China"},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation and Health, Chuzhou 233100, China"},{"name":"Anhui Engineering Technology Research Center of Pork Quality Control and Enhancement, Chuzhou 233100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.025","article-title":"Shared and Distinct Functions of Type I and Type III Interferons","volume":"50","author":"Lazear","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0421-x","article-title":"Decoding type I and III interferon signalling during viral infection","volume":"4","author":"Mesev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04734","article-title":"Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses","volume":"441","author":"Kato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00602-7","article-title":"Regulation of RIG-I-like receptor-mediated signaling: Interaction between host and viral factors","volume":"18","author":"Onomoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2939","article-title":"Type I and type II Fc receptors regulate innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"15","author":"Pincetic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damelang, T., Brinkhaus, M., van Osch, T.L.J., Schuurman, J., Labrijn, A.F., Rispens, T., and Vidarsson, G. (2024). Impact of structural modifications of IgG antibodies on effector functions. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1304365"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13401","article-title":"Fc gamma receptors: Their evolution, genomic architecture, genetic variation, and impact on human disease","volume":"328","author":"Frampton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12343","article-title":"Fc\u03b3 receptor pathways during active and passive immunization","volume":"268","author":"Bournazos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1118948","article-title":"Divergent immunoglobulin g subclass activity through selective Fc receptor binding","volume":"310","author":"Nimmerjahn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107055","article-title":"Activating Fc\u03b3R function depends on endosomal-signaling platforms","volume":"26","author":"Benadda","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3582","article-title":"The function of Fc\u03b3 receptors in dendritic cells and macrophages","volume":"14","author":"Guilliams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20062545","article-title":"Selective blockade of the inhibitory Fcgamma receptor (FcgammaRIIB) in human dendritic cells and monocytes induces a type I interferon response program","volume":"204","author":"Dhodapkar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20122220","article-title":"Diverse novel functions of neutrophils in immunity, inflammation, and beyond","volume":"210","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201847615","article-title":"Fc gamma receptor IIa suppresses type I and III interferon production by human myeloid immune cells","volume":"48","author":"Newling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106268","article-title":"Activation of activating Fc gamma receptors down-regulates the levels of interferon \u03b2, interferon \u03b3 and interferon \u03bb1 in porcine alveolar macrophages during PRRSV infection","volume":"81","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00410-0","article-title":"The role of IgG Fc receptors in antibody-dependent enhancement","volume":"20","author":"Bournazos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13393","article-title":"Fc-Fc\u03b3R interactions during infections: From neutralizing antibodies to antibody-dependent enhancement","volume":"328","author":"Edgar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khandia, R., Munjal, A., Dhama, K., Karthik, K., Tiwari, R., Malik, Y.S., Singh, R.K., and Chaicumpa, W. (2018). Modulation of Dengue\/Zika Virus Pathogenicity by Antibody-Dependent Enhancement and Strategies to Protect Against Enhancement in Zika Virus Infection. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00597"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.96112","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement of coronaviruses","volume":"21","author":"Tao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.01.004","article-title":"Enhanced infection of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in a mouse model of antibody-induced severe dengue disease","volume":"7","author":"Zellweger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sawant, J., Patil, A., and Kurle, S. (2023). A Review: Understanding Molecular Mechanisms of Antibody-Dependent Enhancement in Viral Infections. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11071240"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70166-3","article-title":"Intrinsic antibody-dependent enhancement of microbial infection in macrophages: Disease regulation by immune complexes","volume":"10","author":"Halstead","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1086\/651018","article-title":"Mechanisms of immune evasion induced by a complex of dengue virus and preexisting enhancing antibodies","volume":"201","author":"Ubol","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01067-9","article-title":"Mechanisms of antibody-dependent enhancement of infectious disease","volume":"25","author":"Wells","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Huo, C., Yang, Y., Han, J., Zhou, L., Hu, Y., and Yang, H. (2025). Early Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection Induces Necroptosis in Immune Cells of Peripheral Lymphoid Organs. Viruses, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/v17030290"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-022114-111025","article-title":"Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV): Pathogenesis and Interaction with the Immune System","volume":"4","author":"Lunney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.1996.9.51","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection in pigs","volume":"9","author":"Yoon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Li, W., Sun, Y., Kong, L., Xu, P., Xia, P., and Zhang, G. (2020). Antibody-Mediated Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection Downregulates the Production of Interferon-\u03b1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 in Porcine Alveolar Macrophages via Fc Gamma Receptor I and III. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020187"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417707","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2024.2417707","article-title":"Mechanism of PRRSV infection and antiviral role of polyphenols","volume":"15","author":"Amona","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.08.010","article-title":"Genomic similarity and antibody-dependent enhancement of immune serum potentially affect the protective efficacy of commercial MLV vaccines against NADC30-like PRRSV","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2009046","article-title":"Development of an experimental inactivated PRRSV vaccine that induces virus-neutralizing antibodies","volume":"40","author":"Vanhee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.04.022","article-title":"Challenges for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccinology","volume":"27","author":"Kimman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nan, Y., Wu, C., Gu, G., Sun, W., Zhang, Y.J., and Zhou, E.M. (2017). Improved Vaccine against PRRSV: Current Progress and Future Perspective. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01635"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Zhang, X., Zhao, X., Yuan, M., Zhang, K., Dai, J., Guan, X., Qiu, H.J., and Li, Y. (2022). Antibody-Dependent Enhancement: \u2033Evil\u2033 Antibodies Favorable for Viral Infections. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081739"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2013.09.006","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement of PRRSV infection down-modulates TNF-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b2 transcription in macrophages","volume":"156","author":"Bao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2018.09.019","article-title":"The alternatively spliced porcine Fc\u03b3RI regulated PRRSV-ADE infection and proinflammatory cytokine production","volume":"90","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.005","article-title":"Porcine Fc\u03b3RIIb mediated PRRSV ADE infection through inhibiting IFN-\u03b2 by cytoplasmic inhibitory signal transduction","volume":"138","author":"Wan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10934","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01396-14","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nonstructural protein 4 antagonizes beta interferon expression by targeting the NF-\u03baB essential modulator","volume":"88","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Feng, X., Chen, W., Wang, B., He, S., Fan, H., and Liu, D. (2024). Non-infectious immune complexes downregulate the production of interferons and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 in primary porcine alveolar macrophages in vitro. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1420466"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.05.015","article-title":"Induction of type I interferons by a novel porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolate","volume":"432","author":"Nan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01616-10","article-title":"North American porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses inhibit type I interferon production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"85","author":"Schnitzlein","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.06.001","article-title":"Antiviral Strategies against PRRSV Infection","volume":"25","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-42-9","article-title":"Cytokine profiles and phenotype regulation of antigen presenting cells by genotype-I porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates","volume":"42","author":"Gimeno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2004.09.009","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus field isolates differ in in vitro interferon phenotypes","volume":"102","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.09.013","article-title":"Comparative analysis of immune responses following experimental infection of pigs with European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strains of differing virulence","volume":"163","author":"Weesendorp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.09.030","article-title":"GP5 expression in Marc-145 cells inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection by inducing beta interferon activity","volume":"174","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.04.025","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus activates the transcription of interferon alpha\/beta (IFN-\u03b1\/\u03b2) in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DC)","volume":"159","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8376","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.18.8376-8381.2000","article-title":"Specific ablation of antiviral gene expression in macrophages by antibody-dependent enhancement of Ross River virus infection","volume":"74","author":"Lidbury","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13819","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.202415999","article-title":"Suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced antiviral transcription factor (STAT-1 and NF-kappa B) complexes by antibody-dependent enhancement of macrophage infection by Ross River virus","volume":"99","author":"Mahalingam","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, M.F., Voon, G.Z., Lim, H.X., Chua, M.L., and Poh, C.L. (2022). Innate and adaptive immune evasion by dengue virus. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1004608"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Modhiran, N., Kalayanarooj, S., and Ubol, S. (2010). Subversion of innate defenses by the interplay between DENV and pre-existing enhancing antibodies: TLRs signaling collapse. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000924"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2011.04.017","article-title":"Antiviral activity of type I and type III interferons against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)","volume":"91","author":"Luo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.1.217","article-title":"Reversal of proinflammatory responses by ligating the macrophage Fcgamma receptor type I","volume":"188","author":"Sutterwala","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6861","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.11.6861","article-title":"Reversing lipopolysaccharide toxicity by ligating the macrophage Fc gamma receptors","volume":"166","author":"Gerber","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12479","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1106568108","article-title":"Ligation of Fc gamma receptor IIB inhibits antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus infection","volume":"108","author":"Chan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Wang, H., Li, W., Feng, X., Han, F., Zhang, Y., Chen, J., Liu, D., and Xia, P. (2022). Activating Fc Gamma Receptors and Viral Receptors Are Required for Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9090470"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/9\/1277\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T08:39:47Z","timestamp":1758875987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/9\/1277"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["v17091277"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17091277","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]]}}}