{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:47:19Z","timestamp":1760060839855,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200110"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: In addition to its fatal outcomes, COVID-19 is associated with a spectrum of non-fatal complications that significantly influence clinical trajectories and quality of life. Cardiovascular complications, in particular, are of major clinical relevance and are recognized as key contributors to both short- and long-term morbidity and mortality. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the short-term and long-term effects of COVID-19 infection on patients with underlying cardiovascular diseases. (2) Methods: The prospective cohort study included a total of 99 consecutive subjects hospitalized due to moderate and severe forms of COVID-19 pneumonia in \u201cZvezdara\u201d\u2014University Medical Center in the period of 18 March\u201318 April 2021. (3) Results: During hospitalization, 47% of patients had some new cardiovascular events. A total of 10 patients died during hospital stay. The highest chance for the lethal outcome was seen in those with previously diagnosed coronary heart disease (B = 3.356, OR = 28.667 (95% CI 2.69\u2013305.14), p = 0.005), heart failure (B = 3.056, OR = 21.250 (95% CI 3.36\u2013134.56), p = 0.001) and increased potassium values (B = 2.639, OR = 14.000 (95% CI 2.65\u201373.88), p = 0.002). (4) Conclusions: Care strategies for patients who survived the acute episode of COVID-19 should include attention to cardiovascular disease. Our findings emphasize the need for continued optimization of strategies for primary prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infections as the best way to prevent long COVID and serious cardiovascular complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17101293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T10:39:42Z","timestamp":1758710382000},"page":"1293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Complications: A Follow-Up Study from Tertiary Center"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Danijela","family":"Lepojevi\u0107-Stefanovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Clinic for Internal Diseases, University Clinical Hospital Center \u201cZvezdara\u201d, Dimitrija Tucovi\u0107a 161, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3952-4560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"\u017divkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases \u201cDedinje\u201d, Heroja Milana Tepi\u0107a 1, 11040 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dragana","family":"Markovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Clinic for Internal Diseases, University Clinical Hospital Center \u201cZvezdara\u201d, Dimitrija Tucovi\u0107a 161, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2739-142X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gorica","family":"Mari\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3471-0946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nata\u0161a","family":"Markovi\u0107-Nikoli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Clinic for Internal Diseases, University Clinical Hospital Center \u201cZvezdara\u201d, Dimitrija Tucovi\u0107a 161, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Suboti\u0107 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Demographics Collaborators (2024). Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950\u20132021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: A comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet, 403, 1989\u20132056."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05522-2","article-title":"The WHO estimates of excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"613","author":"Msemburi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"COVID-19 Excess Mortality Collaborators (2022). Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020\u201321. Lancet, 399, 1513\u20131536. Erratum in Lancet 2022, 399, 1468. \t\t  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00621-3.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00621-3"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadf9742","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adf9742","article-title":"Monthly excess mortality across counties in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic, March 2020 to February 2022","volume":"9","author":"Paglino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwae422","article-title":"Spatial and demographic heterogeneity in excess mortality in the United States, 2020\u20132023: A multi-model approach","volume":"194","author":"Kandula","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00799-6","article-title":"Characterisation of in-hospital complications associated with COVID-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK: A prospective, multicentre cohort study","volume":"398","author":"Drake","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.321876","article-title":"Cell-Specific Mechanisms in the Heart of COVID-19 Patients","volume":"132","author":"Tsai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047349","article-title":"Description and Proposed Management of the Acute COVID-19 Cardiovascular Syndrome","volume":"141","author":"Hendren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021012250","article-title":"Vasculopathy in COVID-19","volume":"140","author":"Flaumenhaft","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.11.044","article-title":"Acute Cardiac Events During COVID-19-Associated Hospitalizations","volume":"81","author":"Woodruff","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01689-3","article-title":"Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19","volume":"28","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezel-Potts, E., Douiri, A., Sun, X., Chowienczyk, P.J., Shah, A.M., and Gulliford, M.C. (2022). Cardiometabolic outcomes up to 12 months after COVID-19 infection. A matched cohort study in the UK. PLoS Med., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004052"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101619","article-title":"Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in COVID-19 survivors among non-vaccinated population: A retrospective cohort study from the TriNetX US collaborative networks","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.11.013","article-title":"Cardiovascular Complications Are the Primary Drivers of Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Community-Acquired Pneumonia","volume":"163","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12603","article-title":"Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19","volume":"324","author":"Bernabei","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-017-8648-x","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in innate immunity","volume":"56","author":"Jaiilon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"247","article-title":"Prevalence of Comorbidities in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Baradaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tudoran, C., Tudoran, M., Lazureanu, V.E., Marinescu, A.R., Pop, G.N., Pescariu, A.S., Enache, A., and Cut, T.G. (2021). Evidence of Pulmonary Hypertension after SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Subjects without Previous Significant Cardiovascular Pathology. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10020199"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2020-317355","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular involvement in hospitalised patients with COVID-19","volume":"106","author":"Pagnesi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"e18","article-title":"Cardiac Complications and Pertaining Mortality Rate in COVID-19 Patients; a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Toloui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.0950","article-title":"Association of Cardiac Injury With Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China","volume":"5","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.94578","article-title":"The Potential Mechanisms of Arrhythmia in Coronavirus disease-2019","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11795468241301133","DOI":"10.1177\/11795468241301133","article-title":"COVID-19 Increases the Risk of New Myocardial Infarction in Patients with Old Myocardial Infarction: A Retrospective Observational Study","volume":"18","author":"Ramzee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hebbard, C., Lee, B., Katare, R., and Garikipati, V.N.S. (2021). Diabetes, Heart Failure, and COVID-19: An Update. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.706185"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31834-y","article-title":"Post-recovery COVID-19 and incident heart failure in the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) study","volume":"13","author":"Salah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000524","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00524-2020","article-title":"Predictors of mortality for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2: A prospective cohort study","volume":"55","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, C., Wang, L., Ye, J., Gu, Z., Wang, S., and Xia, J. (2021). Predictors of mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect. Dis., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06369-0"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2021.10.059","article-title":"Hospital readmissions and post-discharge all-cause mortality in COVID-19 recovered patients; A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Ramzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2022.12.032","article-title":"Increased risk of acute myocardial infarction after COVID-19 recovery: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"372","author":"Zuin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/10\/1293\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:48:46Z","timestamp":1760035726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/10\/1293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["v17101293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17101293","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4915"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]}}}