{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T21:48:43Z","timestamp":1780436923755,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":227,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Organ transplantation significantly enhances the survival and quality of life for recipients. However, multiple dependent and independent variables can adversely affect life expectancy after transplantation. Cancer is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality for long-term organ transplant recipients. The incidence of cancer in transplanted tissues can be twice as high in approximately 32 distinct cancer types. Oncogenic viruses present in graft tissues may contribute to the etiology of various cancers in transplant recipients. Such oncogenic viruses include hepatitis viruses, papillomaviruses, Epstein\u2013Barr virus, Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma, Merkel cell virus, JC virus, BK virus, and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, all of which have been associated with various malignancies in these patients. To mitigate this risk, a comprehensive viral screening protocol should be integrated into the transplantation process. Depending on the type of graft, diagnostic methods, control strategies, and post-transplantation care may vary considerably. To efficiently implement any strategy to inhibit viral oncogenicity, a comprehensive understanding of viral\u2013host interactions involving oncogenic viruses within graft tissue is essential. The current view of tumor biology is that changes in the tumor microenvironment and immune signaling influence evolutionary selection pressures. Such interactions ultimately promote conditions that favor uncontrolled host\u2013cell proliferation and malignant transformation. This review examines these viral\u2013host interactions and their role in cancer development among transplant recipients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17101299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T12:05:13Z","timestamp":1758801913000},"page":"1299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Oncogenic Viruses in Organ Transplantation: Implications of Virus-Host Interactions for Cancer Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5043-8292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed-Mahmood","family":"Seyed-Khorami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran 14155, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4623-1296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arezou","family":"Azadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran 14155, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ala","family":"Habibian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Science, Kashan 87159-81151, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan 87159-81151, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monireh","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran 14155, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3201-5499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA"},{"name":"Saint Louis University Liver Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1931-7801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoorieh","family":"Soleimanjahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran 14155, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4620-6453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud Reza","family":"Pourkarim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200767080-00006","article-title":"Immunosuppressive therapy and malignancy in organ transplant recipients: A systematic review","volume":"67","author":"Campistol","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2010.102","article-title":"Malignancy after renal transplantation: The role of immunosuppression","volume":"6","author":"Rama","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. 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