{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T23:51:54Z","timestamp":1782172314849,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFF0710801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF0710801"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82370899"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82370899"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82070912"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82070912"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82473528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82473528"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BE2019676"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2019676"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mpox virus (MPXV), a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus in the Poxviridae family, has long been endemic in Africa. The interaction between MPXV infection and peripheral immune responses is of great significance. However, the activation of signaling pathways and molecular changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) following MPXV infection remain poorly understood. This study evaluated the transcriptomic profiles of rabbit PBMCs during the mpox acute and recovery phases. The results showed that MPXV infection significantly altered the transcriptomic profiles of PBMCs. At 6 days post-infection, pathways related to pathogenic infection and IL-1 response were enriched, while at 14 days post-infection, the T cell receptor signaling pathway was enriched. During the mpox acute phase, inflammatory cytokines in serum such as IL-1\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-8, and IL-21 were upregulated, while MMP-9 and NCAM-1 were downregulated. In rabbits and rhesus monkeys, key genes upregulated in common during the mpox acute period were associated with the interferon pathway (e.g., the ISG15, OAS, and IFIT families), while downregulated genes were related to B-cell activation and differentiation (e.g., the MS4A1 and FCRL families). Additionally, rabbits developed protective immunity against reinfection, with neutralizing antibodies effectively activated. These findings provide insights into the molecular characteristics of PBMCs changes in in vivo models of MPXV infection, and offer references for the diagnosis, vaccine development, and therapeutic research of mpox.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17101317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T08:00:32Z","timestamp":1759132832000},"page":"1317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Host Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Response to Mpox Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Chaode","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caiyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenlu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinling Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Jinling Pharmaceutical Building, No. 238 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"Suqian Scientific Research Institute of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinling Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Jinling Pharmaceutical Building, No. 238 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"Suqian Scientific Research Institute of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2868-5112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"Suqian Scientific Research Institute of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.21091","article-title":"Mpox Clinical Presentation, Diagnostic Approaches, and Treatment Strategies: A Review","volume":"332","author":"Titanji","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00047-9","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical features of mpox during the clade Ib outbreak in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: A prospective cohort study","volume":"405","author":"Brosius","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101132","article-title":"Global spread of clade Ib mpox: A growing concern","volume":"6","author":"Pareek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"q2406","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.q2406","article-title":"UK confirms first case of clade Ib mpox","volume":"387","author":"Kmietowicz","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"q2576","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.q2576","article-title":"Mpox: US reports first clade Ib case as campaigners call for cheaper tests","volume":"387","author":"Mahase","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4888","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60217-2","article-title":"Characteristics of the first confirmed case of human infection with mpox virus clade Ib in China","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4335","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03029-14","article-title":"Sequence of pathogenic events in cynomolgus macaques infected with aerosolized monkeypox virus","volume":"89","author":"Tree","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, H., Janosko, K., Johnson, R.F., Qin, J., Josleyn, N., Jett, C., Byrum, R., Claire, M.S., Dyall, J., and Blaney, J.E. (2013). Poxvirus antigen staining of immune cells as a biomarker to predict disease outcome in monkeypox and cowpox virus infection in non-human primates. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060533"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.12.001","article-title":"Cytokine modulation correlates with severity of monkeypox disease in humans","volume":"63","author":"Johnston","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102135","article-title":"MPXV infection activates cGAS-STING signaling and IFN-I treatment reduces pathogenicity of mpox in CAST\/EiJ mice and rhesus macaques","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00273-8","article-title":"Mpox in people with advanced HIV infection: A global case series","volume":"401","author":"Alemany","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.08.023","article-title":"Mpox infection protects against re-challenge in rhesus macaques","volume":"186","author":"Aid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465309","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2025.2465309","article-title":"Clinical manifestations and pathogenicity of Clade IIb monkeypox virus in rabbits","volume":"14","author":"Shang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6819","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03726-13","article-title":"Primary human macrophages serve as vehicles for vaccinia virus replication and dissemination","volume":"88","author":"Byrd","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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