{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:27:31Z","timestamp":1792189651493,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"United States Department of Defense, Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HDTRA1-14-1-0053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDTRA1-14-1-0053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Students Training in Advanced Research (STAR) Program through the UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine Endowment Fund"},{"name":"US NIH","award":["T35RR007067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T35RR007067"]}]},{"name":"UC Davis Global Affairs Seed grant program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a re-emerging vector-borne zoonotic disease that causes outbreaks in humans and animals across Africa. To better understand RVF at human\u2013animal interfaces, a prospective longitudinal survey of people, livestock, and mosquitoes was conducted from 2016 to 2018, in two regions of Tanzania, with distinct climatic zones (Iringa and Morogoro). Molecular and serological tools for testing (RT-qPCR and IgM\/IgG ELISA) for RVF virus (RVFV) were used to assess infection and exposure in people and animals. Mosquitoes were collected quarterly from 10 sentinel locations. In total, 1385 acutely febrile humans, 4449 livestock, and 3463 mosquito pools were tested. In humans, IgM seroprevalence was 3.75% (n = 52\/1385), and overall seroprevalence (IgM and\/or IgG positive) was 8.30% (n = 115\/1385). People from Iringa had a higher exposure risk than those from Morogoro (aOR 2.63), and livestock owners had an increased risk compared to non-owners (aOR 2.51). In livestock, IgM seroprevalence was 1.09%, while overall seroprevalence was 10.11%. A total of 68.4% of herds had at least one seropositive animal. Sentinel animal follow-up revealed that the probability of seroconversion was significantly higher in Morogoro. Low-level RVFV RNA was detected in 8 human and 22 mosquito pools. These findings indicate active transmission among vectors, livestock, and people during the study period, highlighting the need for One Health surveillance approaches for RVFV and other arboviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17101329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T10:54:48Z","timestamp":1759229688000},"page":"1329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Rift Valley Fever Virus Transmission During an Unreported Outbreak Among People and Livestock in South-Central Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9734-3226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert D.","family":"Sumaye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 78 373, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana P\u00e9rola D.","family":"Brand\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Chilanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goodluk","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinay Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 30 007, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7466-7998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace W.","family":"Mwangoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 78 373, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woutrina A.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9758-808X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abel B.","family":"Ekiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinay Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 30 007, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Kilonzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3458-6789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solomon","family":"Mwakasungula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 78 373, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Makingi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinay Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 30 007, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amina A.","family":"Kinyogori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 78 373, Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Veterinay Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 30 007, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter S.","family":"Magesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinay Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 30 007, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aziza J.","family":"Samson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinay Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 30 007, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8238-1940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Mkindi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 78 373, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Pazia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 78 373, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feisal","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 78 373, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thabit A.","family":"Mbaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 78 373, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1498-8892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robinson H.","family":"Mdegela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinay Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 30 007, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3860-7348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Honorati","family":"Masanja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 78 373, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Cannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aridith","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9933-6193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John D.","family":"Klena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel M.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart T.","family":"Nichol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucija","family":"Jurisic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Tremeau-Bravard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hezron","family":"Nonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinay Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 30 007, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8758-2530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie","family":"Sebastian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saba","family":"Zewdie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Streb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0969-5078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna C.","family":"Fagre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas A.","family":"Bergren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Hartman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2518-5414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Wolking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4996-915X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebekah C.","family":"Kading","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonna A. 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